HA Final Exam (2, 3, & 4A)

• Epidermis


  The outermost layer of the skin, in order from outermost to innermost: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum and stratum germinativum
• Stratum germinativum (basal cell layer)


  • Mitosis occurs here
  • Contains melanocytes, producing melanin
• Stratum corneum


  • As cells rise, they die and their cytoplasm is converted to keratin, which has a rough, horny texture
  • This layer undergoes constant shedding
• Dermis


  • Mostly connective tissue, primarily collagen
  • Provides support and nourishment of epidermis
  • Contains blood vessels, nerves, muscle, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles
• Sebaceous glands


  • Produce sebum through hair follicles, which make skin oily
  • Prevent water loss
• Eccrine sweat glands


  • Smaller, coiled tubules which open to skin surface and located over the entire skin
• Apocrine sweat glands


  • Larger, open to hair follicles
  • Located mainly in axillae, areolae of the breasts and genital area
  • Relatively small and nonfunctional until puberty
  • Produce thick secretions, which react with bacteria on skin surface to produce body odor
• Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)


  • Consists mostly of fat
  • Provides protection, insulation, and caloric source
• Hair


  • Composed of keratin
  • Can be fine (vellus hair) or darker and thicker (terminal hair)
• Nails


  • Composed of keratin
  • Clear with a highly vascular bed of epithelial cells underneath
• Infants

  • Lanugo - fine soft hair present at birth
  • Skin is thinner, less fat - more prone to dehydration and hypothermia
• Pregnancy

  • Linea nigra - line down the midline of the abdomen
  • Chloasma - face of pregnancy
  • Striae gravidarum - stretch marks
• Aging


  • Stratum corneum thins, loss of collagen, elastin, and fat, decrease of sebaceous and sweat glands
  • More prone to dehydration and hypothermia
• Pruritus


  Medical term for itchy skin
• Xerosis


  Dry. Abnormally dry skin or membranes, such as those found in the mouth or the conjunctiva of the eye
• Seborrhea


  Oily. Common skin condition that mainly affects the scalp, causing scaly patches, inflamed skin, and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, and chest
• Hirsutism


  Growth of excessive male-pattern hair in women after puberty, affecting facial and body areas dependent on androgens, namely mustache and beard, pubic hair, buttocks, and thighs
• Macule


  Small area of discolored skin, including freckles and age spots. A macule is a flat, distinct, discolored area of skin less than 1 centimeter (cm) wide
• Moles


  Spots on the skin, most of which are present by age 20. They are usually round with a sharply defined border and uniform color
• Junctional nevi


  Type of nevus (mole) found at the junction (border) between the epidermis (outer) and the dermis (inner) layers of the skin. These moles may be colored and slightly raised
• Compound nevi


  Type of mole formed by groups of nevus cells found in the epidermis and dermis (the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin)
• Dysplastic nevi


  Precancerous. A specific type of nevus (mole) that looks different from a common mole. Dysplastic nevi are mostly flat and often larger than common moles and have irregular borders. A dysplastic nevus can contain different colors, which can range from pink to dark brown
• Vitiligo


  Absence of melanin in patchy areas
• Pallor


  Pale, white color caused by decrease of blood flow (vasoconstriction) or decrease in hemoglobin. Brown-skinned people will be more yellow, black-skinned people will be grayer
• Erythema


  Redness due to increased blood flow (vasodilation). If fever suspected, check skin for warmth. If edema, check skin for tightness. May be caused by fever, inflammatory process, emotions, CO poisoning
• Cyanosis


  Bluish, purplish hue due to decreased perfusion of tissues. Darker-skinned people have a normal bluish tone on their lips. Palms, but not evident, other clinical signs should be observed. May be caused by hypoxemia due to heart failure, shock, chronic bronchitis
• Jaundice


  Yellow, orange hue due to jaundice (increased bilirubin in blood). Hard and soft palate must be observed in addition to the sclera of the eyes. Dark urine is also present. Due to liver problems such as hepatitis, cirrhosis
• Hyperthyroidism


  May cause an increase in temperature
• Diaphoresis


  Sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of a disease or a side effect of a drug
• Mobility


  Ease of skin rising when pinched
• Turgor


  Returning of skin to its place
• Lesion


  Any traumatic or pathological change in the skin
• Ultraviolet light is used if a fungal infection is suspected
• Edema


  Presence of excess interstitial fluid; an area that appears swollen, shiny, and taut and tends to blanch the skin color or, if accompanied by inflammation, may redden the skin. It may also described as pitting or non-pitting edema
• Pressure Ulcers


  Also known as pressure sores or bedsores, are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue, primarily caused by prolonged pressure on the skin
• Normocephalic


  Normal head size
• Cranium


  • Frontal (1 bone)
  • Parietal (2 bones)
  • Temporal (2 bones)
  • Occipital (1 bone)
  • Ethmoid (1 bone)
  • Sphenoid (1 bone)
• Face


  • Maxilla (2 bones)
  • Zygomatic (cheek) (2 bones)
  • Inferior conchae (2 bones)
  • Nasal (2 bones)
  • Lacrimal (2 bones)
  • Palatine (2 bones)
  • Vomer (1 bone)
  • Mandible (jaw) (1 bone)
• Infants


  Fontanels ("soft spots") – anterior and posterior fontanels. Voluntary head control should be present for about 6 months of age
• Muscles and Cervical Vertebrae

  • Sternocleidomastoid muscle – rotates and flexes the head
  • Trapezius muscle – extends the head and moves the shoulders
  • 11th cranial nerve (spinal accessory nerve) – responsible for muscle movements that permit shrugging of the shoulders
  • Cervical vertebrae – C1(atlas), C2 (axis) up to C7