Science

• All matter is made from

  Atoms
• Every substance has a unique number of _, _ and _.

  Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
• In 19th century, English Chemist, meteorologist, & physicist John Dalton, proposed a fundamental theory about indivisible particle that made up all matter. He named this atoms.
• The particle theory of matter includes how particles can be grouped together to form matter.
• The process of Solid to Liquid is Melting.
• The process of Liquid to Solid is Freezing.
• The process of Gas to Liquid is Condensation.
• The process of Solid to Gas is Sublimation.
• The process of Liquid to Gas is Evaporation.
• The process of Gas to Solid is Deposition.
• The process of Liquid to Gas is Vaporization.
• The process of Plasma to Gas is Deionization.
• The process of Gas to Plasma is Ionization.
• In evaporation of water, water particles gain energy from sunlight and tend to move as much as they can.
• Particles of matter are in constant motion.
• Molecular motion is great in gases, less in liquids, and the least in solids.
• Particles of matter are held together by very strong electric forces.
• Temperature affects the speed of particles. The higher the _, the faster the speed of particles.
• Solid is characterized by structural rigidity.
• In Solids, vibration causes stable, definite shape, and definite volume.
• Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals.
• In crystalline solids, the particles are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern.
• Ice has 15 solid phases.
• Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal but instead are made with a large number of single crystals are called polycrystalline.
• Amorphous Solids are no long-range order in the position of the atoms.
• The particles in a crystalline solid are arranged in a repeating pattern.
• The particles in an amorphous solid are arranged randomly.
• Metals are strong, dense and good conductors of both electricity and heat.
• In metals, electrons are shared through metallic bonding.
• Alloys are a mixture of two or more elements in which the major component is metal.
• Iron and aluminum are the 2 most commonly used structural metals and the most abundant in the Earth's Crust.
• Iron is most commonly used in the form of alloy called steel.
• Iron contains up to 2.1% carbon and harder than pure iron.
• Metallic Solids are held together by a high, density shared, delocalized electrons, known as metallic bonding.
• Minerals are naturally occuring solids formed various geological processes under high pressure.
• Most minerals form in the geosphere, but some form in the hydrosphere (halite) and biosphere (Calcite)
• Minerals must occur naturally.
• Minerals must be organic.
• Minerals must be solid.
• Minerals must possess an orderly internal structure..