MICROPARA (WEEK 8- CANVAS)

• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be caused by the following bacteria:

  • Escherichia coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Proteus mirabilis
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• Cystitis


  Bladder infection, the most prevalent form of urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Pyelonephritis


  A distinct form of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the kidneys
• Risk factors associated with cystitis

  • Female gender
  • History of urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • Engagement in sexual activity
  • Vaginal infection
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Genetic susceptibility
• Complicated UTIs


  • Urinary obstruction
  • Neurological disease-induced urinary retention
  • Immunosuppression
  • Renal failure
  • Renal transplantation
  • Pregnancy
  • Foreign bodies like calculi, indwelling catheters, or other drainage devices
• Candida causes a cheesy discharge
• Sexually transmitted illnesses


  • Syphilis
  • Chancroid
  • Herpes
  • Condyloma acuminata
• Bacteria causing sexually transmitted illnesses

  • Haemophilus ducreyi
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Treponema pallidum
• Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive spore-forming rod that causes tetanus, a medical emergency
• Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, sporeforming bacteria that produces a neurotoxin
• Mycobacterium leprae is a rod-shaped bacteria which causes leprosy
• Bacteria that can cause meningitis

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Group B Streptococcus
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Escherichia coli
• Bacteria that can cause respiratory infections

  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Legionella pneumophila
• Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) such as sinusitis and otitis media remain a major clinical problem
• Numerous upper respiratory tract defences prevent bacterial infection
• Aspiration is the swallowing of foreign material into the lungs
• Mucociliary transport


  Local defence against infection
• Immunoglobulin synthesis


  Local defence against infection
• Phagocytosis


  Local defence against infection
• Infections of the Respiratory System
• Bacterial Meningitis (CNS Infection)
• Pneumonia: Common Microbial Causes
• Gonorrhea & Chlamydia Trachomatis
• Aspiration


  The swallowing of foreign matter into the lungs
• Alveolar macrophages


  The special cells in the lungs that attack bacteria and other germs
• Bronchial pneumonia


  Type of pneumonia that spreads from the bronchi to several patches in one or both lungs
• Lobar Pneumonia


  Pneumonia that affects only one lobe, or section, of the lung
• Mucus


  Sticky airway secretion that prevents lung damage by trapping foreign particles. When infection makes your lungs produce too much mucus, it clogs the airways.
• Pulmonary Function Test


  A test used to measure how well the lungs work
• Microbiology and parasitology: A textbook for health science (2nd edition) by Dr. Bartolome and Dr. Quiles. On pages 311-312 (Respi), 361-362 (STI), 369-370 (UTI) and 395-396.