Religion MIDDLE AGES

• Iconoclasm


  The deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious images and other symbols or monuments
• Iconoclasm


  • Gnosticism was an influence
• Western Roman Empire


  Spoke Latin
• Byzantine Empire


  Was Greek both culturally and linguistically
• Split between Western and Eastern church in 1054


  Over the filioque (the Holy Spirit also proceeding from the son; aka, trinitarian nuances and language challenges [Greek and latin], political and personnel issues resulting in mutual ex-communications)
• Islam


  Means Submission
• The start of Islam is marked in the year 610, following the first revelation to the prophet Muhammad at the age of 40


  7th century (600s)
• Influences on Islam


  • Judaism
  • Nestorian Christianity
  • Local Arab religion
• Islam's emphasis


  Submission and the Will of Allah
• Jerusalem is holy to Jews, Muslims, and Christians
• Gothic Cathedrals


  • Neat architecture
  • A lot of symbolism
  • Colorful
  • Greatest contribution to the middle ages
• Universities


  • One of the greatest contributions to the middle ages
• Unity of knowledge in the Middle Ages


  Christ as Logos and Architect
• Why Christians went on pilgrimage

  • To visit holy places
  • See relics
  • Do penance
  • Live out their journey towards salvation
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux


  • Spiritual writer
  • Preacher
  • Founder of Cistercians
  • Doctor of the Church
  • Preached crusades
• Time frame for Crusades

  1095 - 13th century
• Rationale for Crusades


  Freeing Jerusalem for pilgrims
• Good points of the Crusades


  • Unity among European Christians
  • Encounter and dialogue with Islamic culture
  • Increased trade and travel
• Dark side of the Crusades


  • Corruption of motivation
  • Violence
  • No closure with peace in the Middle East
• Saladin


  Virtuous Muslim leader
• Richard the Lionheart


  Important commander during 3rd crusade
• Baldwin


  Good leader of the crusades, had leprosy
• King Louis IX


  Saint that is a king
• Albigensianism is a heresy that is a form of Gnosticism
• There was a power struggle between the papacy and secular rulers over the appointment of bishops during the High Middle Ages
• Urbanization was a challenge of the High Middle Ages
• Fra Angelico


  OP artist
• Saint Frances of Rome


  Wife, mother, servant of the poor
• Saint Rita of Casica


  Wife, mother, mother of forgiveness
• Savonarola


  OP reformer in Florence
• Michelangelo


  The glory of God reflected in the human body
• New orders: mendicants


  • OP
  • OFM
  • PS
• Pope Innocent III


  Took authority over the papal states, had a dream about the church falling
• Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

  Helped reform, promoted poverty
• Dominicans


  Meaning of the word Dominicanes: belonging to or relating to Dominica or its people
• Francis


  • Famous for his love of poverty
  • Lived the gospel
  • Founded the order of friars minor (OFM)
• Clare


  Created the female branch of OFM
• Bonaventure


  • Mystical writer
  • Helped organize OFM
  • Took over OFM after Francis' death
• Saint Albert the Great


  • Greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers
  • Part of the Order of Preachers
  • Introduced or welcomed the study of Greek and Arabic, and paved the way for a renewed interest in Aristotle's works, which fueled Thomas Aquinas' study of Aristotle
• Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)


  • Greatest theologian in the church
  • Known for his clarity of thought
  • Synthesized faith and reason
  • Had a strong love for Christ in the Eucharist
  • Summa Theologiae