Translation

• Genetic codes are universal with 4 common bases (uracil/thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine) with codons being groups of gene triplets for which there are 64 possible combination (4^3)
• Each codon is specific to in coding one out of 20 possible amino acids. As 64>20, this means multiple codons code for the same amino acid which makes them degenerate
• Conversion tables of the base options in 3s helps determine the type of amino acid they'll code for
• All mRNA/genetic code starts with a specific sequence (AUG) and end with a specific sequence (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
• In the ribosomal closed complex, another tRNA molecule complimentary to the codon in the A site binds to the mRNA, causing the ribosome to shift downstream and redefine the sites with the two tRNAs now occupying the E and P site. The molecule in the E site passes their amino acid to tRNA in P site where their two amino acids form a peptide bond catalyzed by the ribosome present. Upon losing their amino acid, the tRNA unbind and escapes the complex, leaving its amino acid behind. This process repeats until the "END" codon is read/reached where the complex is broken and the polypeptide is free
• The smaller subunit of a ribosome moves along a transcribed mRNA strand until it senses a "start" (AUG) sequence. The larger subunit of the ribosome binds with its smaller counterpart to close the complex, creating 3 distinct sites "E, P, A". There, a tRNA with a amino acid corresponding with their anticodon undergoes complimentary base-pairing to bind to the mRNA's codon in the P site
• 3 different mRNA bases make 1 codon that codes for 1 specific amino acid
• All mRNA/genetic code starts with a specific sequence (AUG) and end with a specific sequence (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
• Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide/protein from mRNA codons using ribosomes and tRNA for assembly. It occurs in the cytoplasm/ribosome in the 5' to 3' direction.
• Gene expression: The process of translating genetic code into a protein
• In the elongation phase of translation, ribosomes are responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to form chains
• Translation converts a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides into a specific amino acids by having tRNA with complimentary bases ("anticodon") to the triplet ("codon") on mRNA pair with each specific tRNA holding a specific amino acid and attaching Guanine to Cytosine or Uracil to Adenine or vise versa.
• Translation converts a sequence of mRNA nucleotides/codons to a sequence of amino acids/polypeptide/protein; (triplets of) nucleotides/bases on (activated) tRNA pair with complementary (triplets of) nucleotides/bases on mRNA OR vice versa; base pairing occurs when adenine/A pairs with uracil/U and guanine/G pairs with cytosine/C; specific amino acids are attached to specific tRNA; mRNA has codons AND tRNA has anticodons