CPHM MIDTERMS WEEK 8

• Three phases of the planning process


  Preparatory phase

  Planning phase

  Output
• Two objects of the planning process


  - Planning for the programs and services

  - Planning for projects
• One single output


  A consolidated health program plan
• community assessment


  is an exercise by which a collaborative partnership gathers information on the current strengths, concerns, and conditions of children, families, and the community.
• information comes from


  many sources- especially parents and family members- and is elicited by many techniques, including interviews, focus groups, and scanning demographic data collected by local agencies.
• Community assessments focus on


  local assets, resources, and activities as well as gaps, barriers, or emerging needs. The process of identifying and appraising this information will help your collaborative partnership.
• The process of conducting a community assessment involves :

  1. Scanning

  2. Developing

  3. Identifying

  4. Analyzing
• Scanning


  the community to locate existing information,
• Developing


  A family focus
• Identifying


  community assets and the degree to which they are accessible to the people who can benefit from them,
• Analyzing


  the information obtained through the first three steps.
• Program


  A series of coordinated related multiple projects that continue over extended time intended to achieve a goal

  
  

  Is compromised of multiple projects and is created to obtain organizational or technical objectives
• Project


  Has an established and specific objective

  
  

  Has a defined life span with a beginning and an end

  
  

  Usually the involvement of several departments and professionals

  
  

  Has specific time, cost performance requirements
• Major steps in planning, sustaining and evaluating a health promotion project

  1. Identify the issues or health problems in the community.

  2. Prioritize the issues or health problems to identify the one that the project will address.

  3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project

  4. Determine contributing factors and state objectives for the project

  5. Determine what strategies will be

  6. Develop the action plan for the project. DO IT!

  7. Sustain the project or keep the project (or some parts of it) going

  8. Evaluate the project
• Step 1: Identify the issues or health problems in the community


  Needs assessment

  
  

  Clarifying need is an essential part of deciding what issue or problem the project will address.

  
  

  • It provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the planning from the beginning.

  
  

  • It helps with allocating resources and making decisions about where to start with health promotion work.
• Needs assessment


  used to describe a process of collecting information that will give a good indication of the priority needs of a community.
• Needs Classification


  - Normative needs

  - Felt needs

  - Expressed needs

  - Comparative needs
• Classifying needs


  When undertaking a needs assessment, it is important to consider that needs will be thought of differently, depending on whom you consult.
• Sharing information from the needs assessment

  Sharing the results of the needs assessment with the community is a key part of the planning process. This process will:

  - Raise community awareness about the issues and possible underlying causes

  - Stimulate discussion about ways to address the issues

  - Allows the community to be involved in planning and decision-making about the project
• Consider baseline data


  • Some of the information gathered during the needs assessment may be able to be uses as 'baseline data'.
• Baseline data


  describe the situation or condition at the time the project or intervention starts.

  • Data collected later during the evaluation is then compared against the baseline data to see the effect of the project.
• Step 2: prioritize the issues or health problems


  • At the end of Step 1, the project team will have a list of major issues and potential target groups for the project.

  • There are always competing needs or issues in any community.

  • Limitations such as time and resources mean that not everything can get addressed.

  • Issues will need to be prioritized. Needs and priorities vary from individual to individual, family to family, group to group.

  • It is important to work out criteria to sort out which issue the project will address.
• Methods of Health Problem Analysis


  • Qualitative Method

  • Quantitative Method
• • Quantitative Method


  - Construct a problem tree illustrating the direct

  and the underlying causes of the problem

  - Provide estimates (evidence-based) on the nature and extent of each cause through the use of indicators.
• • Qualitative Method


  - Analysis of those who participated in the circumstances that surround the problem through focus group discussion (Participant's Analysis)
• Methods to analyze causes


  • Ishikawa diagram

  • Vector Diagram

  • Cause and effect tree
• The Problem Tree - The What and the How-to


  • A methodology to systematically identify the possible contributory factors that led to the formation of a health problem
• Step 3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project


  Risk factors lead to or directly cause the problem. Note that some risk factors can be charged, while others are not able to be modified, for example, family history of a condition.
• Step 4: Determine contributing

  factors and state objectives for the project

  Contributing factors enable or reinforce the risk factors. They can relate to individual, financial, political, educational, environmental, or other issues.
• Risk factors


  are any aspect of behavior, society or the environment that are directly linked to the health problem.
• Contributing factors


  are any aspects of behavior, society or the environment that leads to the risk factors developing.
• Examples of contributing factors:


  - Lack of knowledge about low fat diets (educational) and high cost of low-fat foods in the store (financial) are both contributing factors to the risk factor 'eating a high fat diet'

  - Poor housing condition (environmental) and lack of home hygiene (behavioral) are both contributing factors to the risk factor' exposure to bacteria and germs
• • Example of risk factors


  - Eating high fat food (behavioral) and having a family history of heart disease (biological) are both risk factors for heart disease, People can change their food choices (modifiable) but not their genetics (non-modifiable)

  - Direct exposure to bacteria to bacteria and germs (environmental) may be a risk factor for diarrhea
• The Goal and Objectives:


  - Make plan clear and focus that energies of the project team

  - Let people know what they can expect to happen as a result of the project

  - Are the basis for planning the evaluation of the project
• Goal


  • is about making changes to the risk factors addressed by project

  • indicates what the planned, longer term outcome of the project is

  • It is also intended to inspire, motivate and focus people and encourage team cooperation.
• Objectives


  • state what changes the project will make to the contributing factors.

  • indicate what the impact will be on the contributing factors during the time frame of the project.

  • are about what has to change in the short term to get closer to achieving the project goal.
• well written 'goal and objectives

  state who will achieve how much of what by when. Developing a clear, achievable goal and objectives requires good baseline data.
• Step 5: Determine what strategies will be


  • After the objectives are developed, the strategies are determined. Strategies describe what it is that the project team will do to try and make the changes required to achieve the objectives.

  • Relationship between the goal, objectives and strategies

  - The process for planning a project begins with the big picture (issue of problem). It is an analysis of the big picture issue that gives the framework for developing the plan- from the longer term goal, to more specific objectives, down to the actual strategies, and finally the detail of individual actions.
• Step 6: develop the action plan


  Once the strategies of the project are determined, the project team can write the action plan. The action plan includes all the specific activities, large and small, that will need to be done to implement each of these activities, when they will be completed and how they will be evaluated.

  
  

  • The more detail that is worked out for strategies, the easier it will be to accurately identify all the activities to be done.

  • If the project is large, with many stages, it may not be possible to detail all the specific activities at the beginning of the project.

  • Detailed documentation is also important for maintaining accountability within the team and between the team and the community or funding agency.

  
  

  • The action plan will also list the resources required to do the project successfully. Resources will be required throughout the whole project, from needs assessment through putting strategies into action to final report writing.
• Resources can include


  human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues.