CPHM MIDTERM WEEK 9

• Health education


  should be viewed within the changing context of health and disease; within the changing health picture where play an important role and within the definition of health.
• Alma-Ata Declaration, 1978


  "Health is a fundamental human right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of health is a most important world-wide social goal whose realization requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector"

  
  

  The existing gross inequality in the health status of the people particularly between developed and developing countries is politically, socially and economically unacceptable
• Educe


  Latin for "to lead out"
• Health education


  - Leading out what people already "know" and "believe" and do about their health;

  those that are undesirable, and desirable behaviors that are

  conducive to health
• health education - Green et al, 1980


  Any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of behavior conducive to health
• Health Education - Health Promotion Glossary, WHO, 1998


  Comprises of consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health
• health literacy

  - • Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Technology (Sharma & Romas,2008)

  Capacity of an individual to obtain, interpret, and understand basic health information and services and the competence to use such information and services in ways that are health enhancing
• HEALTH LITERACY: Domains


  1. Fundamental literacy/numeracy

  2. Science and Technology

  3. Community/civic literacy

  4. Cultural literacy
• Health promotion - Green and Kreuter, 2005


  Any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups or communities
• Health promotion - World Health Organization, 1998


  Process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health
• Health promotion and education: foundations


  1. Philosophical

  2. Biomedical

  3. Psycho-social
• Philosophical


  Beacon light, guide, direction
• Biomedical


  What or content
• Psycho-social


  How or the methods
• Predominant philosophies


  - Behavior change philosophy

  - Cognitive-based philosophy

  - Decision-making philosophy

  - Freeing/functioning philosophy

  - Social change philosophy
• Biomedical foundation


  - Microbiology

  - Parasitology

  - Nutrition

  - Environmental Health

  - Occupational Health
• Psycho-social foundation


  - psychology

  - anthropology

  - sociology

  - political science
• Five health promotion actions


  1. Build healthy public policy

  2. Create supportive environments

  3. Strengthen community actions

  4. Develop personal skills

  5. Reorient health services
• Health promotion


  is the process of enabling people to increase control over, the determinants of health
• CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES/METHODS:


  A. According to focus

  B. Use of Behavioral theories

  C. According to target factors
• According to focus


  - focus on the individual

  - focus on groups

  - focus on whole population
• Focus on the individual


  Ø The origin of health education/promotion

  Ø Usually utilized for purposes of secondary and tertiary prevention
• Focus on groups


  Ø Utilized for a number of persons present in one setting at the same time

  Ø Appropriate for the purposes of primary, secondary, and tertiary

  prevention programs
• Focus on whole population


  - Most of the time utilize mass media to maximize coverage of the target populations

  - Very cost - effective for the purposes of empowerment and for primary prevention
• Use of Behavioral Change Theories


  - Stages of behavior change

  - Use of Behavioral Change Theories
• Stages of behavior change


  1. Precontemplation

  2. Contemplation

  3. Preparation and Action

  4. Confirmation
• Pre-contemplation


  A condition in which people are not thinking about change or have expressed no interest in change
• Contemplation


  The period in which people are seriously thinking about the behavior change
• Preparation and action


  Period when an effort to try the behavior change is undertaken
• Confirmation


  The period when people can now maintain the new behavior
• Stages of behavior change and Task of Appropriate Strategies


  Pre - contemplation

  - Create awareness and interest

  Contemplation

  - Change values

  Preparation and action

  - Create opportunity for action

  Confirmation

  - Maintain change
• Pre-contemplation


  Create awareness and interest
• Contemplation


  Change values
• Preparation and action


  Create opportunity for action
• Confirmation


  Maintain change
• According to target factors


  - communication

  - training

  - community organizing/ social mobilization
• Communication


  ØTargeting the predisposing factors
• Training


  ØTarget enabling factors
• Community organizing/social mobilization


  Targeting environmental and reinforcing factors
• Classification of Communication Methods


  1. Interpersonal

  2. Mass media