NCM 117 - PSYCHIATRIC NURSING

• Psychosocial Theories


  • Psychoanalytic
  • Developmental
  • Interpersonal
  • Humanistic
  • Behavioral
  • Existential
• Sigmund Freud


  The Father of Psychoanalysis
• Freud developed psychoanalytic theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Vienna, where he spent most of his life
• Many clinicians and theorists did not agree with much of Freud's psychoanalytic theory and later developed their own theories and styles of treatment
• Psychoanalytic theory


  Supports the notion that all human behavior is caused and can be explained (deterministic theory)
• Freud's beliefs


  • Repressed (driven from conscious awareness) sexual impulses and desires motivate much human behavior
  • Symptoms had no diagnosed physiologic basis, so Freud considered them to be "hysterical" or neurotic behaviors of women
  • Women repressed their unmet needs and sexual feelings as well as traumatic events
  • The "hysterical" or neurotic behaviors resulted from these unresolved conflicts
• Id


  The part of one's nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure-seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses. It seeks instant gratification, causes impulsive unthinking behavior, and has no regard for rules or social convention
• Ego


  The balancing or mediating force between the id and the superego. It represents mature and adaptive behavior that allows a person to function successfully in the world
• Superego


  The part of a person's nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts, values, and parental and social expectations
• Freud's Dream Analysis


  Freud believed that a person's dreams reflect his or her subconscious and have significant meaning, though sometimes the meaning is hidden or symbolic
• Free Association


  A method used to gain access to subconscious thoughts and feelings, in which the therapist tries to uncover the client's true thoughts and feelings by saying a word and asking the client to respond quickly with the first thing that comes to mind
• Ego Defense Mechanisms


  • Compensation
  • Conversion
  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Dissociation
  • Fixation
  • Identification
  • Intellectualization
  • Introjection
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction formation
  • Regression
  • Repression
  • Resistance
  • Sublimation
  • Substitution
  • Suppression
  • Undoing
• Preconscious


  Anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind
• Conscious mind


  Contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment
• Unconscious mind


  A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness
• Stages of Psychosexual Development

  • Oral (birth to 18 months)
  • Anal (18–36 months)
  • Phallic/oedipal (3–5 years)
  • Latency (5–11 years or 13 years)
  • Genital (11–13 years)
• Oedipus Complex


  Boy's sense of affection for his mother, feeling of rivalry for the father, and a threat of getting punished by the father for having a desire for the mother
• Electra Complex


  Girl's sense of affection for his father, feeling of rivalry for mother, and a threat of getting punished by the mother for having this feeling towards her father
• Transference


  Occurs when the client displaces onto the therapist attitudes and feelings that the client originally experienced in other relationships
• Countertransference


  Occurs when the therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his or her past
• Psychoanalysis focuses on discovering the causes of the client's unconscious and repressed thoughts, feelings, and conflicts believed to cause anxiety and on helping the client gain insight into and resolve these conflicts and anxieties
• Carl Jung's psychological types theory

  Suggests that people experience the world using four principal psychological functions – sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking

  
• Ego (in Jung's theory)


  Represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of
• Personal unconscious (in Jung's theory)


  Essentially the same as Freud's version of the unconscious, containing temporarily forgotten information and well as repressed memories
• Complexes (in Jung's theory)


  A collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept
• Persona


  The outward face we present to the world, concealing our real self
• Anima/animus


  The mirror image of our biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side in males and the masculine tendencies in women

  
• Shadow


  Encapsulates the parts of ourselves that we may reject, disown, or simply don't recognize
• Self


  Provides a sense of unity in experience, the ultimate aim of every individual is to achieve a state of selfhood
• Psychological Types


  • Thinking vs. Feeling
  • Sensing vs. Intuition
  • Extroversion vs. Introversion
• Selfhood


  Similar to self-actualization, the ultimate goal of every individual
• Psychological Types


  • Thinking vs. Feeling
  • Sensing vs. Intuition
  • Extroversion vs. Introversion
• Thinking


  Individuals make decisions based on logic and objective considerations
• Feeling


  Individuals make decisions based on subjective and personal values
• Sensing


  Individuals focus on present realities, tangible facts, and details. They are practical and literal thinkers.
• Intuition


  Individuals focus on possibilities, interconnections, and future potential. They are often abstract and theoretical thinkers.
• Extroversion


  Oriented towards the outer world; tend to be more outgoing and sociable, deriving energy from interaction with others and the external environment
• Introversion


  Oriented towards the inner world; tend to be quiet and reserved, deriving energy from reflection, inner feelings, ideas, and experiences
• Erik Erikson


  • German-born psychoanalyst, extended Freud's work on personality development across the life span while focusing on social and psychological development in the life stages
• In 1950, Erikson published Childhood and Society, in which he described eight psychosocial stages of development