Required Practicles

• REQUIRED PRACTICAL ONE - What are the main steps in the microscopy practical?

  1. Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide.

  
  

  2. Cut up an onion and separate it into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from one of the layers.

  
  

  3. Place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide.

  
  

  4. Add a drop of iodine solution.

  
  

  5. Place a cover slip on top. Try not to get any air bubbles trapped under their, since they will obstruct the view of the specimen.

  
  

  6. Clip the slide onto the stage of the microscope, use the knobs to focus in, and look at the specimen.
• On a microscope, what does the coarse adjustment knob do?

  To move the stage up to just below the objective lens.
• On a microscope, what does the fine adjustment knob do?

  Gets a clearer image of the specimen.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 2 - For the culturing microorganisms practical, how is the agar plate made?

  To make an agar plate, hot agar jelly is poured into a petri dish. When the jelly has cooled and set, inoculating loops can be used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium, with a sterile dropping pipette and spreader also being used to get an even covering of bacteria. The microorganisms then multiply.
• In school labs, why can't microorganism cultures be kept above 25°C?

  Because harmful pathogens are more likely to grow above this temperature.
• How can you use the agar plate to investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

  1. You can place paper discs soaked in different types of antibiotics on the agar plate.

  
  

  2. The antibiotic should diffuse into the agar jelly. Non-resistant strains of bacteria will die, creating a clear area around the paper dish.

  
  

  (You should also use a paper dish soaked in sterile water as a control, to make sure that it is the antibiotics that is causing the bacteria to die).
• What is the clear area around the paper dish known as?

  An inhibition zone
• What does a larger inhibition zone mean?

  That the antibiotic is more effective against that type of bacteria
• During the experiment, what are some ways that contamination can be avoided?

  The petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use, such as by heating them to a high temperature to kill any unwanted microorganisms.

  
  

  If an inoculating loop is used, it should be sterilised by passing it through a hot flame.

  
  

  After transferring the bacteria, the lid of the petri dish should be slightly tapes on to stop microorganisms from the air getting in.

  
  

  The petri dish should be stored upside down to stop drops of condensation from falling onto the agar surface.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 3 - What are the mains steps in the practical where osmosis in plant cells is investigated?

  1. Cut equal slices of potato and measure their mass.

  
  

  2. Place each potato slice in sugar solutions of different concentrations.

  
  

  3. Leave the beakers for about 24 hours.

  
  

  4. After taking the potato slices out, dry them with a paper towel and then measure the new mass. This allows the mass change to be calculated.
• After drawing a graph of results, how can you find out the sugar concentration of the potato?


  The sugar concentration is where the line of best fit intersects the x-axis (when the sugar concentration in the potato is equal to the sugar concentration in the water).
• Which equation would you use to find the percentage change in mass of the potato slices?

  Percentage change in mass = (Final mass - Initial mass) / Initial mass x 100
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 4 - The enzyme amylase breaks down starch into what?

  Maltose
• Which solution can be used to detect the presence of starch?

  Iodine solution, as it will change from brown-orange to blue-black if starch is present.
• What are the main steps in the practical that investigates how pH affects enzyme activity?

  1. Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile.

  
  

  2. Use a Bunsen burner to heat a beaker of water until it reaches 35°C.

  
  

  3. Add 1cm³ of amylase solution and 1cm³ of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a test tube. Put the test tube into the beaker of water and wait for five minutes.

  
  

  4. Add 5cm³ of starch solution to the test tube.

  
  

  5. Mix the contents of the test tube and start a stopwatch.

  
  

  6. Use a dropping pipette to take a fresh sample from the test tube every 30 seconds and put a drop into a well. If the solution remain brown-orange, starch is no longer present, which means that the amylase has broken down all of the starch into maltose.

  
  

  7. The experiment is then repeated, but use buffer solution of a different pH.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 5 - What does the Benedict's solution test for?


  Simple sugars
• How is the Benedict's test carried out?

  1. Add 5cm³ of a food sample to a test tube.

  
  

  2. Add about 10 drops of Benedict's solution to the test tube.

  
  

  3. Prepare a water bath so that it's set to 75°C.

  
  

  4. Place the test tube in the water bath and leave it there for 5 minutes.
• What is the original colour of Benedict's solution?


  Blue
• In the Benedict's test, what colour does the solution become if simple sugars are present?

  Green to yellow to orange to brick-red (depending on how much sugar is present)
• What does iodine test for?

  Starch
• How is the iodine test carried out?

  1. Add 5cm³ of a food sample to a test tube.

  
  

  2. Add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake the test tube.
• What is the original colour of the iodine solution?

  Browny-orange
• What colour does the iodine solution become if starch is present?

  Blue-black
• What does biuret solution test for?

  Proteins
• How is the biuret test carried out?

  1. Add 2cm³ of a food sample to a test tube.

  
  

  2. Add 2cm³ of biuret solution and gently shake the test tube.
• What is the original colour of biuret solution?

  Blue
• What colour does the biuret solution become if proteins are present?

  Purple
• What does Sudan III test for?

  Lipids
• How is the Sudan III test carried out?

  1. Add 5cm³ of a food sample to a test tube.

  
  

  2. Add 3 drops of Sudan III solution to the test tube and slowly shake it.
• What happens if lipids are present in the Sudan III solution?

  The mixture will separate out into two layers, with the top layer being bright red.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 6 - What is the set-up for the practical where the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis is investigated?

  
• How is the practical where the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis is investigated carried out?

  1. A source of white light is placed at a specific distance from the pondweed, which is in a test tube of water.

  
  

  2. The pondweed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time. As it photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube.

  
  

  3. At the end of the experiment, the syringe is used to draw the gas bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured.

  
  

  4. The experiment is repeated twice more, with the light source at the same distance from the pondweed. an average length of the oxygen bubble is calculated.

  
  

  5. The whole experiment is then repeated with the light source at different distances from the pondweed, which therefore changes the light intensity.
• What is light intensity measured in?

  Lux
• What is the inverse square law?

  Light intensity is inversely proportional to the distance squared.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 7 - What is reaction time?


  The time it takes to respond to a stimulus.
• What can affect reaction time?

  Age, gender and drugs
• How can you test the effect of caffeine on reaction time?

  1. The person being tested should sit with their arm resting on the edge of the table.

  
  

  2. Hold a ruler vertically between their thumb and index finger, so that the "0" end of the ruler is level with their thumb and index finger.

  
  

  3. The person being tested must catch the ruler as quickly as they can once they see it fall.

  
  

  4. Reaction time is measured by the number of the ruler where it's caught, with a higher number meaning a slower reaction time. You should measure above the thumb every time.

  
  

  5. This test should then be repeated several times, allowing a mean to be calculated.

  
  

  6. The person being tested should then have a caffeinated drink before repeating steps 1-5.
• Why should the person being tested rest their arm on the table?

  So that they are not tempted to move their arm down to catch the ruler.
• REQUIRED PRACTICAL 8 - What is a quadrat?

  A quadrat is usually a 0.25m² frame. It may contain lines to mark off smaller areas inside, such as 5x5cm squares or 10x10cm squares. The organisms underneath a quadrat, usually plants or slow-moving animals (like slugs and snails) can be counted.
• How can a quadrat be used to calculate the population of a species in a given area by random sampling?

  1. Lay out two long measures at right angles along two sides of the study area.

  
  

  2. Obtain a series of co-ordinates by using random numbers generated by a computer.

  
  

  3. Walk to the point of intersection and place the quadrat directly at your feet without looking at the ground below.

  
  

  4. Record the number of organisms within it.

  
  

  5. Repeat this process several times and calculate an average for the number of organisms in the quadrat.