Guidance and Counseling (Prelims)

• These are the 5 elements that had been used by people during the dawn of existence in order to gain introspection and understanding the world around us.

  1. Myths
  2. Magics
  3. Spiritual Beliefs
  4. Ritualism
  5. Sacred Arts
• Shamans - They are the individuals who had special status due to their mystical powers. They have been considered to be the caretakers of the soul and thought to have knowledge of the future.
• Psyche - The concept of soul was based on this Greek word.
• Egyptian Papyrus of 3000 BC - It shows a primitive attempt to understand some basic functions of the brain.
• Hippocrates - He/she presented reflections on the human condition that changed the view of the Western World regarding the view of the person.
• Hippocrates suggested treatments for human conditions. It includes:

  1. Melancholia - Sobriety, Regular and Tranquil Life, Exercise, Blood letting.
  2. Hysteria - Marriage
• 1 - How many Gods do monotheistic religions worship?
• Religious Writings - Monotheistic Religions attempted to understand the self even further through the invention of what?
• Plotinus - He/she believed that the soul was a separated element from the body.
• Plotinus - He/she had a lasting impact on the dualistic fashion in which the Western World view the mind and body.
• Rene Descartes - He/she is the proponent of mind and body dualism.
• Rene Descartes - He/she believed that knowledge and truth come through deductive reasoning.
• General to Specific Idea - The deductive reasoning is known for its idea of what?
• John Locke and James Mill - They believed that the mind is a blank slate.
• Counseling Professions - It started to evolve from early vocational guidance during the 19th Century.
• Social Work Field - It started to develop due to the desire to assist the poor during the 19th Century.
• Destitute - It is a synonym and more socially appropriate term for poor people.
• Psychology - It started as a laboratory science due to an attempt to understand the nature of the person.
• Psychiatry - It started to grow due to an attempt to treat mental illnesses through the use of medicine and medical interventions during the 19th Century.
• United States and England - The field of social work with the destitute started in these countries.
• Rene Descartes - He/she is the proponent of mind and body dualism.
• Elizabethean Poor Laws - This law was founded in England during the 1500s. It gave the church of the said country the power to oversee the destitute.
• During the 1800s, the growth of urban population produced an increasingly large underclass whose needs could not be met by the traditional charitable organization. This situation led to the following:

  1. Reform Schools
  2. Lunatic Asylums
  3. Orphanages
• There are two major approaches that had evolved due to the needs to assist the underprivileged who were not institutionalized. These are the following:

  
  

  1. Charity Organization Society
  2. Settlement Movement
• Social Casework - It started due to the existence of Charity Organization Society.
• Jane Adams - He/she is a social activist in Chicago who was known for the establishment of one of the best-known settlement houses.
• Hull House - It is referred to as one of the best-known settlement houses ever established.
• 20th Century - During this period, the first social work programs started to arise.
• Over the next 30 years, the social work field grew in many different directions, with major areas of emphasis that includes:

  1. Social Casework
  2. Social Groupwork
  3. Community Work
• Virginia Satir - He/she is a social worker who was deemed to be instrumental in reshaping the practices of the mental health profession.
• In 1995, a number of social work organizations was combined to form the following:

  
  

  1. National Organization for Social Work
  2. Academy of Certified Social Workers
• 7th Century - During this period, Greek philosophers reflected on the nature of life and the universe.
• Hippocrates - He/she offered notions on how to treat mental illnesses.
• Plato - He/she suggested that introspection and reflection were roads to knowledge.
• Aristotle - He/she is a student of Plato. Many consider him to be the first psychologist during 381 until 322 BC.
• Aristotle used the following method to gain knowledge:

  1. Objectivity
  2. Reasoning
• Augustine and Thomas Aquinas - The highlighted the importance of consciousness, self-examination and inquiry.
• Renaissance Era - During this era, the development of scientific method occured.
• 19th Century - Psychology became more influenced by modern day medicine, physics, and the theory of Charles Darwin during this period.
• Wilhelm Wundt and Sir Francis Galton - They are the first-known experimental psychologists.