HA Final Exam (4B and 5)

• Pharynx


  Subdivided into three portions: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
• Auditory tubes


  Drain the middle ear, open into the nasopharynx
• Nasopharynx


  The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side leads into the ear. Connects nasal passages to respiratory system.
• Oropharynx


  The middle part of the throat, behind the mouth. Includes soft palate, tonsils, back of tongue. Acts as passageway between nasopharynx, mouth, and laryngopharynx. Contains mechanisms to prevent food entering nasal cavity.
• Laryngopharynx


  Also referred to as the hypopharynx, is the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is a crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass. Acts as a cavity through which air, water, and food pass from oral cavity to their respective destinations, also contains structures that play an important role in speech.
• Tonsils


  Lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat that help filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent infection.
• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)


  An aggregate of lymphoid tissue lying in the midline along the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
• Lingual tonsils


  Located on the posterior surface of the tongue, near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lymphocytes and macrophages protect against harmful substances and pathogens.
• Palatine (faucial) tonsils


  Bundles of lymphatic tissue located in the lateral oropharynx, bordered by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.
• Salivary glands


  • Sublingual
  • Submandibular
  • Parotid
• Parotid glands


  Large salivary glands situated just in front of each ear, produce saliva to keep mouth lubricated and aid chewing and digestion.
• Submandibular glands


  Second largest salivary gland, lubricates and moisturizes mouth and throat, helps break down food, manages pH level of mouth.
• Sublingual glands


  Smallest of the three major salivary glands, produces thick mucinous fluid to lubricate oral cavity, aid swallowing, initiate digestion, buffer pH, and maintain dental hygiene.
• Saliva


  Bodily fluid produced by salivary glands that kickstarts digestion, helps chew and swallow food, and protects teeth.
• Teeth


  Part of the digestive system, used for mastication or chewing of food to break it down before swallowing.
• Enamel


  The protective outer layer of teeth, the hardest substance in the human body.
• Deciduous teeth


  Baby or milk teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months and have a full set of 20 by age 2.
• Permanent teeth


  Also known as adult or secondary teeth, start developing around birth and continue into childhood, usually fully erupted by end of adolescence.
• Wisdom teeth


  The third molars, emerge later between ages 17 and 25.
• Incisors


  Chisel-shaped teeth for cutting, the most visible teeth in the mouth.
• Canines


  Fanglike teeth for tearing or piercing, similar to incisors in biting and tearing food.
• Premolars


  Also known as bicuspids, broad crowns for grinding, located between molars and canines.
• Molars


  Broad crowns for grinding, large flat teeth at the back of the mouth used primarily for chewing food.
• Regions of teeth

  • Crown
  • Root
• Crown


  The portion of the tooth covered by enamel, not covered by gum tissue.
• Root


  Descends below the gum line, into the jawbones, anchoring the tooth in the mouth.
• Common mouth disorders

  • Gingivitis
  • Glossitis
  • Stomatitis
  • Parotitis
• Gingivitis


  The earliest stage of gum disease, caused by plaque and bacteria buildup, resulting in red, swollen, bleeding gums. Treated with dental cleanings and improved oral hygiene.
• Glossitis


  Inflammation of the tongue, may present as a painful tongue or changes in texture and/or color.
• Stomatitis


  Inflammation of the oral mucosa, presenting with painful ulcers on the lips, cheeks, gums, or tongue, caused by infection, irritants, trauma, or allergic reactions.
• Parotitis


  Painful swelling of the parotid salivary glands, commonly caused by viral infections like mumps, but can also be from bacterial infections, diabetes, tumors, or stones.
• Grading system for tonsillitis

  • Grade 1 - Tonsils behind tonsillar pillars (normal)
  • Grade 2 - Between pillars and uvula
  • Grade 3 - Tonsils touch uvula
  • Grade 4 - Tonsils extend to midline of oropharynx
• Paranasal sinuses


  Small hollow spaces in the bones around the nose that lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for speech. Includes frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
• Frontal sinus


  Two large sinuses in the frontal bone, forming the lower forehead, lined with cells that produce mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
• Sphenoid sinus


  Two large sinuses in the sphenoid bone behind the nose between the eyes, lined with cells that produce mucus.
• Ethmoid sinus


  Sinuses in the ethmoid bone in the upper part of the nose between the eyes, lined with cells that produce mucus.
• Maxillary sinus


  Two large sinuses in the maxillary bones in the cheek area next to the nose, lined with cells that produce mucus.
• Sternum


  3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
• Sternum (arthropod)


  A thickened ventral plate on each segment of the body
• Ribs


  Bony framework of the thoracic cavity, classified as true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12), last two pairs are floating ribs (11–12)