TOPIC 2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

• What elements bond in ionic bonding?

  Non metals and metals
• What elements bond in covalent bonding?

  Non metals
• What elements bond in metallic bonding?

  Metals
• What happens during ionic bonding?

  Electrons move from the outer shell of the metal to the outer shell of the non metal.
• What happens to the metal in ionic bonding?

  It loses electrons and becomes positively charged
• What happens to the non metal in ionic bonding?

  It gains electrons and becomes negatively charged
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  The ions are arranged in a regular lattice, and held together by strong forces of attraction within this. This means a lot of force is required to break them apart.
• What happens during metallic bonding?

  Positive metal ions are surrounded by delocalised electrons that move in between the regular layers
• Why can metals conduct electricity?

  The delocalised electrons can move and carry charge. This happens in all states
• What are alloys?


  substances made from two or more different metals mixed together
• Why do alloys have different properties to metals?

  They don't have regular layers so are stronger and have higher melting points
• What happens in covalent bonding?


  A shared pair of electrons between non metals from the outer shell
• What is the relative mass of a proton?

  1 unit
• What is the relative mass of a neutron?

  1 unit
• What is the relative mass of an electron?

  1/1840/ negligable
• What is the relative charge of a proton?

  +1
• What is the relative charge of a neutron?

  0
• What is the relative charge of an electron?

  -1
• Ionic bonding

  
• Covalent bonding

  
• Metallic bonding

  
• What are the particles like in a solid?

  Uniform layers

  Compact

  Dense

  Pass heat and electricity by vibration of particles

  
• What are the particles like in a liquid?

  Packed close together, but with no regular arrangement

  Vibrate and slide past each other

  
• What are the particles like in a gas?

  Well separated with no regular arrangement.

  Vibrate and move freely at high speeds

  Can be compressed

  
• The process in which a liquid turns into a solid is called?


  Freezing
• The process in which a solid turns into a liquid is called?

  Melting
• The process in which a liquid turns into a gas is called?

  Boiling
• Dalton model

  
• JJ Thomson Plum Pudding Model

  
• What did J.J Thomspon's model claim?

  That all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons.
• Rutherford's model

  
• What did Rutherford's model claim?

  Concluded atoms consist mostly of empty space where electrons move and also have a positively charged molecule in the center
• The Bohr model

  
• What did Bohr's model claim?

  Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits