kingdom animalia 1

• Kingdom Animalia


  Also known as the kingdom Metazoa
• Kingdom Animalia


  • Multicellular (no cell walls, no chloroplasts), heterotrophic eukaryotes, no prokaryotes
  • Most inhabit seas, less are in fresh water and least on land
  • Size ranges from a few cells to animals weighing tons
  • Most capable of locomotion, less sessile
  • Have sense organs
  • Sexual reproduction is common
  • Develop from embryos
  • Higher animals have different types of tissues, diploid body form
• Radial symmetry


  Parts around a central axis (like rays on a sun or pieces in a pie)
• Bilateral symmetry


  The left and right sides (of the organism) can be divided into two mirror images
• Levels of organization


  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Cephalization
• Cephalization


  An evolutionary trend in which, over many generations, the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, creating a head region
• Bilateral organisms


  • Protostomes
  • Deuterostomes
• Protostomes


  The oral end develops first from blastopore (opening), anus later - to complete the alimentary canal, nerve cord - ventral, cleavage- spiral - determinate, formation of coelom - schizocoelom
• Deuterostomes


  The oral end develops from the second opening and blastopore develops into the anus, nerve cord - dorsal, cleavage-radial - indeterminate, formation of coelom – enterocoely
• Gastrulation


  1. Fertilized egg divides and becomes a BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) which then pinches inward to form a GASTRULA which has the 3 germ layers

  2. Endoderm -becomes the lining of the gut

  3. Ectoderm -becomes the skin and outer layer, including nervous tissue

  4. Mesoderm -the middle layer, the muscles and bones
• Coelom


  Body cavity in most animals, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall
• Archenteron


  The basic alimentary cavity of an embryo at the gastrula stage
• Phyla


  • Placozoa
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Ctenophora
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nemathelminthes
• Phylum Placozoa


  • Diblastica
  • Asymmetrical body (jelly-like - mass of cells, no brain)
• Phylum Placozoa


  • Trichoplax
• Phylum Porifera (sponges)

  • 98% marine, sessile and primitive
  • Asymmetrical perforated body (pores)
  • Osculum -large opening
  • Ostium, pl. ostia = pores
  • Ectoderm - epidermis
  • Endoderm (choanocyte - a flagellated cell controles water flow)
  • Jelly-like mesohyl (mesenchyme )gelatinous layer
  • Unspecialized cells can transform and migrate
  • Muscular system: none
  • Digestive system: diffusion, mostly filter feeders, some feed on bacteria, photosynthesise, some prey on small crustaceans
  • Respiratory system: diffusion
  • Circulatory system: none
  • Excretory system: none
  • Nervous system: none
  • Asex. rep.: fragmentation, budding and gemmules - dormant spore
  • Sex. rep.: most hermafrodites - no gonads (sex glands), sperms sink into the mesohyl (produced by choanocytes) and fertilize the ova (egg like transformed archeocytes). The fertilized egg forms a larva which swims untill it finds a place to settle
  • Most are marine-water sponges (Glass sponges), some are brakish or freshwater species (dermosponges)
• Phylum Porifera


  • Sycon raphanus (vápnice), Venus'flower basket (h. pletená), Neptun's cup
• Phylum Cnidaria

  • Aquatic
  • Radial or biradial symmetry
  • Anthozoa (koralovce) - sea anemones (sasanky), corals
  • Medusozoa - Box jellyfish (štvorhranky), Sea wasps, Hydras, True jellyfish (medúzovce), Stalked jellyfish (kalichovky), parasites
  • Myxozoa (výtrusníky)(parasites)
  • Diploblastic body consists of supporting structure mesoglea (between two layer of epithelium, outer layer is called ectoderm, inner gastroderm tissue as hydrostatic skeleton - water + collagen + proteins)
  • Body forms: swimming medusa (jet propulsion- prúdový pohon) and sessile polyps. Hydrozoan species can alternate between both polymorphism
  • Muscular system: myoepitel (tissue capable of contractions, endodermal origin), no real muscles
  • Digestive system: cyclic digestion. Digestive cavity (coelenteron) also acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
  • Respiratory system: diffusion
  • Circulatory system: none
  • Excretory system: out through the mouth
  • Nervous system: diffused or circular
  • Tentacles with cnidocytes (harpoon like nettle cells)
  • Hydroids may consist of zooids (defence, reproduction and hunting function)
  • Capable of generation
  • Sexual reproduction- complex life cycle, similar to porifera, but adulds have gonads in the gastroderm
  • Asexual reproduction - fragmentation, budding, split down the middle
• Phylum Cnidaria


  • Brown Hydra, Green Hydra, Freshwater jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, Red coral
• Phylum Ctenophora


  • Marine, various size
  • Body structure: gastrula stadium (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoglea), colloblasts - a sticky cell type, widespread in the tentacles and are used to capture prey, they do not sting
  • Movement: comb rows
  • Digestive system: similar to jellyfish
  • Nervous system: diffusion
  • Sensory system: statocysts (a balance sensory receptor)
  • Reproduction: hermafrodites