Conditions: Ethanolic/water mixture (so it doesn't dissociate) and heated under reflux
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
To turn a halogenoalkane into a primary amine:
Reagent: EXCESS concentratedammonia (so more of the primary amines are made rather than secondary or tertiary)
Conditions: Ethanolic, heated under reflux in a pressurised sealed container (so it doesn't dissociate)
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
To turn a halogenoalkane into an alcohol:
Reagent: Potassium/sodium hydroxide
Conditions: AQUEOUS and heated under reflux
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
To turn a halogenoalkane into an alkene:
Reagent: Potassium hydroxide
Conditions: Ethanolic and done under reflux
Name of reaction: Elimination
To turn an alkene into a dihalogenoalkane:
Reagent: Bromine/chlorine
Conditions: Room temperature
Name of reaction: Electrophilic addition
To turn a dihalogenoalkane into a diol:
Reagent: Potassium hydroxide
Conditions: Aqueous, heat under reflux
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
(mechanism is the same as a normal haloalkane)
To turn an alkene into a poly(alkene)
Reagent: Alkene (acts as a monomer)
Conditions: High pressure and a catalyst
No mechanism required
To turn an alkene into an alcohol (using an acid catalyst):
Reagent: Ethene/Alkene
Conditions: High temperature (300C), high pressure (7100 kPa) and CONCENTRATED phosphoric acid catalyst
Name of reaction: Hydration/addition
To turn an alkene into an alkyl hydrogensulfate:
Reagent: CONCENTRATED sulfuric acid
Conditions: Room temperature
Type of reaction: Electrophilic addition
To turn an alkyl hydrogensulfate into an alcohol:
Reagent: Water
Conditions: Warm mixture
Type of reaction: Hydrolysis
To turn a primary alcohol into an aldehyde:
Reagent: LIMITED concentrated potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
Conditions: Heated and distilled when formed
Type of reaction: Partial oxidation
To turn a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid:
Reagent: EXCESS concentrated potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
Conditions: Heated under reflux
Type of reaction: Oxidation
To turn a secondary alcohol into a ketone:
Reagent: Concentrated potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid
Conditions: Heated under reflux
Type of reaction: Oxidation
To turn an aldehyde/ketone into an alcohol:
Reagent: NaBH₄ in aqueous ethanol solution
Conditions: Room temperature
Type of reaction: Reduction/nucleophilic addition
Catalytic hydrogenation using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst at a high pressure also achieves this
To turn an aldehyde/ketone into a hydroxynitrile:
Reagent: Sodium cyanide and dilute sulfuric acid
Conditions: Room temperature
Type of reaction: Nucleophilic addition
To form an ester:
Reagent: Carboxylic acid and alcohol
Conditions: Concentrated sulfuric acid and heated
Type of reaction: Esterification
This reaction is not very efficient, as the reaction is very slow and the reaction is also reversible
To form a secondary amide:
Reagent: Acyl chloride/acid anhydride and primary amine
Conditions: Room temperature
Type of reaction: Nucleophilic addition-elimination
To form a primary amide:
Reagent: Acyl chloride/acid anhydride and ammonia
Conditions: Room temperature
Type of reaction: Nucleophilic addition-elimination
To form a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride:
Reagent: Acyl chloride/acid anhydride and water
Conditions: Room temperature
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic addition-elimination
To form an ester using an acyl chloride/acid anhydride:
Reagent: Acyl chloride/acid anhydride and alcohol
Conditions: Room temperature
Name of reaction: Esterification
This reaction is much more efficient for making esters compared to carboxylic acids. This is due to the reaction being far quicker, and the reaction is non-reversible
Hydrolysing esters using acids:
Reagent: Dilute hydrochloric acid and ester
Conditions: Heated under reflux
Products: Carboxylic acid and alcohol
This reaction is reversible, and so the product yield isn't very high.
Hydrolysing esters using a base:
Reagent: Dilute sodium hydroxide and ester
Conditions: Heated under reflux
Products: Carboxylate salt and alcohol
This reaction is non-reversible and so has a higher yield. Adding a strong acid to the mixture turns the carboxylate salt into a carboxylic acid
To form an alkane from an alkene:
Reagent: Hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst
Conditions: High temperatures and pressure
Name of reaction: Hydrogenation
To turn a halogenoalkane into an alcohol:
Reagent: Aqueous potassium hydroxide
Conditions: Heated under reflux
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
To turn a halogenoalkane into a nitrile:
Reagent: Hydrogen/potassium cyanide dissolved in ethanol/water solution
Conditions: Heatedunder reflux
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
To turn a halogenoalkane into an amine:
Reagent: Ammonia dissolved in ethanol
Conditions: Heated under reflux in a sealed container
Name of reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
Using an excess of ammonia increases the yield of the amine, as if the ammonia is limited then further substitutions between the halogenoalkanes and amines can occur
To turn a nitrile into an amine:
Reagent: LiAlH₄
Conditions: Ether solution/hydrogen gas using a nickel catalyst