Genbio 1

• Homeostasis


  Internal balance, allowing cells, tissues, and organs to function optimally, grow, regenerate or replace worn-out parts
• Organ systems


  • Work collaboratively together to maintain homeostasis
  • The cardiovascular system pumps blood
  • The respiratory system regulates gas exchange
  • Each organ system plays a vital role in establishing homeostasis
• Nervous system


  • Acts as the body's control center, facilitating communication and coordination between different organ systems
  • Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and vast networks of nerves
  • Detects and responds to changes in the external and internal environment
  • Processes information and arouses appropriate real-time responses to restore balance
• Endocrine system


  • Works in conjunction with the nervous system to regulate various physiological processes
  • Relies on glands to release hormones into the bloodstream
  • Chemical messengers travel throughout the body, exerting control over metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other essential functions
  • Helps us adjust to situations like fear, fright, hunger, danger, need to find a mate
• Cardiovascular system


  • Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • Plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis
  • The heart pumps oxygenated blood to all cells, delivering nutrients and removing waste products
  • Blood vessels regulate blood pressure and distribution of oxygen, water, and nutrients throughout the body
  • Proper functioning ensures organs receive adequate oxygen and nutrients necessary for maintaining physiological equilibrium
  • The blood and lymphatic system also controls and monitor the immune system against infections and diseases
• Respiratory system


  • Facilitates gas exchange by supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide
  • Through respiration, oxygen is extracted from inhaled air and transported to cells
  • Oxygen is crucial for cellular respiration, which generates energy for the body's activities
  • Also helps regulate the pH balance and eliminate excess heat
• Digestive system


  • Processes and absorbs nutrients from the food we consume
  • Breaks down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
  • Allows for the delivery of nutrients needed for energy production and tissue repair
  • Eliminates waste products through the excretory system, maintaining homeostasis by preventing the buildup of harmful substances
• Renal system


  • Comprising the kidneys and urinary system
  • Plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis
  • Filters waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood
  • Helps regulate fluid balance, blood pressure, and pH levels
  • Produces and releases hormones that control blood cell production and calcium metabolism
• Musculoskeletal system


  • Composed of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  • Supports the body's structure, protects vital organs, and enables movement
  • The skeletal system serves as a mineral reservoir, maintaining appropriate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
  • Muscles, through their contractions and movements, generate heat and contribute to body temperature regulation
  • Adjusts to body activity, strengthening bones and muscles when needed
• The human body's intricate network of different organ systems works together tirelessly to establish and maintain homeostasis
• If one or more organ systems break down or do not function properly

  It can result in a disruption of homeostasis within the body
• Nervous system dysfunction


  Communication between different organ systems may be disrupted, leading to impaired coordination, difficulty in responding to changes in the environment, and problems with motor skills, cognition, and sensory perception, including hallucination and other mental problems
• Endocrine system dysfunction


  Hormone imbalances can occur, leading to a wide range of issues such as metabolic disorders, abnormal growth and development, reproductive problems, and disruptions in energy regulation
• Cardiovascular system dysfunction


  Problems can result in inadequate blood flow, potentially leading to organ damage due to oxygen and nutrient deprivation, including conditions like hypertension, heart failure, anemic blood situation and arrhythmias
• Respiratory system dysfunction


  Can affect gas exchange, leading to a lack of oxygen and an accumulation of carbon dioxide, causing breathing difficulties, decreased exercise tolerance, and reduced overall oxygenation
• Digestive system dysfunction


  Can lead to problems with nutrient absorption and waste elimination, resulting in malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, impaired immune function, and digestive discomfort such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation
• Renal system dysfunction


  Can result in the accumulation of toxins, electrolyte imbalances, impaired urine production, and potential organ damage due to a build-up of waste
• Musculoskeletal system dysfunction


  Can affect mobility, posture, and the ability to perform daily activities, leading to conditions such as fractures, arthritis, or muscle diseases that can cause pain, loss of function, and decreased quality of life
• The repercussions of organ system dysfunction can vary widely, and some dysfunctions may be temporary and reversible, while others may require long-term management and treatment
• Seeking appropriate medical care and adopting lifestyle modifications can help mitigate the effects of organ system breakdowns and enhance overall health
• Homeostasis


  The tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
• Negative feedback loop


  Feedback loop that acts to oppose the triggering stimulus
• Positive feedback loop


  Feedback loop that amplifies the starting signal
• Cell


  Smallest unit of life
• Tissue


  Made of a group of similar cells that work together on a specific task
• Organ


  Structure made up of two or more tissues, organized to carry out a specific function
• Organ system


  Groups of organs with related functions
• Maintaining homeostasis


  1. The body maintains homeostasis for body temperature, blood glucose, and various pH levels

  2. Homeostasis is maintained at many levels, not just the level of the whole body

  3. The stomach maintains a pH that's different from that of surrounding organs

  4. Each individual cell maintains ion concentrations different from those of the surrounding fluid
• Homeostasis


  • Maintaining homeostasis at each level is key to maintaining the body's overall function
• Feedback loops


  1. Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values

  2. Positive feedback loops amplify their initiating stimuli, moving the system away from its starting state
• Negative feedback loop


  • Body temperature regulation

  
• Positive feedback loop


  • Ripening of fruit
• Body structure


  1. Cells make up tissues

  2. Tissues make up organs

  3. Organs make up organ systems
• At each level of organization (cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems), structure is closely related to function
• Negative feedback is not bad for the body. "Negative" simply means the feedback loop works to counter the stimulus, not that it is detrimental
• Homeostasis is more than just "keeping things normal", and the body doesn't always know what is best for itself
• The body is constantly regulating itself and the mechanisms to maintain homeostasis are always in play
• If homeostatic mechanisms fail and conditions are not corrected, a disease or disorder can result, e.g. hypocalcemia from improper calcium regulation
• DNA


  The material that exists in every cell in your body that holds your genetic code. It makes up your body's instruction manual.

  
• DNA


  • Looks like a spiral staircase (double helix)
  • The rungs are base pairs and the rails are sugar and phosphate molecules