paper 2

• Who came?

  • Normans
  • Jews
  • Flemish migrants
  • Lombard bankers
  • Huguenots and Walloons
  • Rhineland Palatines
  • Gypsies
  • Returning Jews
  • Africans before slavery
  • African servants
  • Ayahs
  • Africans
  • Asians
  • Irish
  • Scottish
  • Italians
  • Germans
  • Eastern European Jews
• Normans

  England had links to Normans, William promised land and wealth to Normans who joined his invasion force
• Normans' impact

  Consolidated the feudal system, seized land for Norman lords, took control of tax and justice systems, appointed Norman bishops, set up the Domesday survey, abolished slavery, introduced Old French
• Only 5% of the population but they dominated language, politics and culture</b>
• Jews

  Invited by William III because they could read, write and do accounts, given a Charter of Liberties, faced extreme persecution and expulsion from 1189-1290
• Jews


  • Settled in towns together called Jewries, banned from most professions to force them into moneylending, organised communities with mikvehs, synagogues, study centres, cemeteries and kosher food preparation
• Flemish migrants


  Belgium and the Netherlands were being torn apart by war, many were skilled craftsmen and wanted better wages
• Flemish migrants' impact

  Became successful as glaziers, tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, dyers and barrel-makers, printers, clock-makers, opticians and brick-makers, faced hostility but prospered and set up a guild of Flemish weavers to work with local people, helped start Britain's manufacturing economy
• Lombardy bankers


  Rich banking families from northern Italy came to make a profit from the trade in English wool, able to lend money to Henry III and businesses
• They were disliked because they seemed to make money and leave
• The money invested by merchants boosted the economy, encouraged trade, building works and financed foreign wars, established the City of London as a financial centre
• Huguenots and Walloons


  French-speaking Protestants persecuted by French Catholics who settled in England, initially welcomed but also experienced frequent anti-foreigner riots
• Huguenots and Walloons' impact

  Brought new trades such as feather-work, making fans, girdles, needles, soap and vinegar, spinners, weavers and wood carvers, boosted trade across the South of England, 10% of the initial investment in the Bank of England was from Huguenot entrepreneurs
• Rhineland Palatines

  Poor German farmers suffering bad harvests, a terrible winter and brutal landlords forcing them to be Catholics who emigrated en masse
• Rhineland Palatines' experience

  13,000 arrived in summer of 1709, many were children or elderly who could not work, several thousand formed the world's first refugee camp in south London, initially received kindly but then perceived as a threat to jobs and a drain on resources, most were unemployed but some built canal or joined the military, 5000 were deported to Ireland, 3000 moved on to New York but died of typhoid or were killed by mobs
• In 1712 the Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act was repealed to end Britain's open border for European migrants
• Gypsies

  Romani gypsies were nomadic and found work as farmworkers and entertainers, often resented and persecuted
• Tracey Emin, Michael Caine, Cheryl Cole, Tyson Fury descend from gypsies
• Returning Jews

  Oliver Cromwell offered Jews asylum from massacre in the Ukraine and they settled from 1656, able to settle relatively easily as attitudes to religious freedom may have relaxed due to the split in the Christian faith
• Some did well in London and on the south coast but others were poor and sold second hand goods
• Africans before slavery

  • Came to work and do business
  • Came as Catherine of Aragon's servants
  • Moorish families fled from Spain
  • Elizabeth I had good relations with Muslim rulers
• No evidence written by Africans, Elizabeth may have considered selling Africans to a German merchant, but this did not happen in the end
• African servants


  Child servants were fashionable for the wealthy and seen as a status symbol, treated as toys and their owners' possessions but not necessarily slaves as all children could be bought and sold as chattels
• Ayahs

  Indian child servants, treated as status symbols, objects of curiosity or pets, sold and given as gifts, some treated well but most treated badly
• Africans 1730-1833


  • Some were brought by their owners from the Americas
  • Some arrived independently
  • Some were born in Britain
  • Some came after fighting for Britain in the American War of Independence
• Africans 1730-1833' experience

  10,000 across Britain worked as teachers, pub landlords, police, priests, banned from becoming apprentices and learning a trade, suffered abuse common in the West Indies, could access justice through the legal system, important members of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, published autobiographies and spoke out against the slave trade
• Large numbers of Black men fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars and were paid the same as white servicemen
• Asians

  Lascars were Asian seamen who replaced British sailors when they fought in the Napoleonic wars, hired through local Indian agents who left little money for the sailors after commission, essential for British trade but faced discrimination and poor treatment
• There were mixed marriages and Lascars spread across the country, working in trades from gardening and catering to photography
• Upper class Indians made a big contribution to Britain: Dr Frederick Akbar Mahomed, Dabadhai Naoroji and Sir Mancherjee Bhownaggree, Mohammed Abdul Karim, Prince Ranjitsinhji
• Irish

  Agriculture collapsed, food shortages, high rents, few jobs, cottage industries could not compete against England's industrialisation, bad harvests and potato famine
• Irish immigrants' experience

  Did the toughest, dirtiest jobs, many joined the army, lived in terrible conditions, associated with high crime rates, discriminated against due to their Catholic faith, anti-Irish racism was widespread, built canals and railways
• Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw and Dr Thomas Barnardo were notable members of the Irish middle class
• Scottish

  The Highland Clearances forced many off their land to make way for sheep farming, many went to work in factories in northern England, while others joined the armed forces, serving across the empire
• Italians

  5 million left Italy due to war, epidemics of typhus and changes in agriculture that caused great poverty, 20,000 lived in England and Wales and 5,000 in Scotland, laid asphalt on new roads, were street musicians
• Caroline and Carlo Tiani and Carlo Gatti opened ice cream parlours (300 in Glasgow by 1900), Clerkenwell prospered due to long hours worked and they established Italian schools, churches, shops, a hospital and Italian language newspapers
• Germans

  Came to explore business and job opportunities, the largest foreign-born group in Britain but spread across the UK, bankers, bakers, teachers, tailors, Protestant, Catholic and Jewish
• Schweppes, Reuters, Leyland trucks, General Electric all have German origins
• Eastern European Jews


  Numbers grew from 7,000 in 1760 to 65,000 in 1818 as anti-Semitism reduced and freedom increased, after 1880s Jewish migrants arrived from Eastern Europe fleeing violent pogroms, 150,000 Jewish refugees settled in Britain from 1881-1914
• Eastern European Jews' experience

  Transformed areas of east London, Manchester, Leeds with Jewish shops, businesses, synagogues, traditions and Yiddish language, often described as busy and thriving communities, faced terrible conditions, overcrowded and poor, some women worked in match factories or in clothing sweatshops but others were kidnapped and forced into prostitution