Preceding influenza predisposes to Staphylococcusaureus pneumonia
HIV is a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
First line treatment in diabetic neuropathy is with amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabalin
If a first episode of C. difficile doesn't respond to either vancomycin or fidaxomicin then oral vancomycin +/- IV metronidazole should be tried
Activated charcoal can be used within 1 hour of a paracetamol overdose, then N-acetylcysteine if indicated by paracetamol levels
Ethylene glycol toxicity management - fomepizole. Also ethanol / haemodialysis
Bone pain, tenderness and proximal myopathy (→ waddling gait) → osteomalacia
Diabetes mellitus - HbA1c of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or greater is diagnostic
When assessing blood transfusion reaction, hypotension is an ominous sign that suggests a serious reaction necessitating the stopping of the transfusion - it can indicate anaphylaxis, acute haemolytic reaction or transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).
Macrolides e.g. clarithromycin may cause prolongation of the QT interval
In the step-down treatment of asthma, aim for a reduction of 25-50% in the dose of inhaled corticosteroids
Negative predictive value = TN / (TN + FN)
Adult polycystic kidney disease increases the risk of brain haemorrhage due to ruptured berry aneurysms
Cholera can present with diarrhoea and hypoglycaemia
IgA deficiency increases the risk of anaphylactic blood transfusion reactions
Positive predictive value = TP / (TP + FP)
Phenytoin, an antiepileptic drug, is known to cause megaloblastic anaemia
Pontine haemorrhage commonly presents with reduced GCS, paralysis and bilateral pin point pupils
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is classically associated with seizures in the morning/following sleep deprivation
Sickle cell anaemia and other haemoglobinopathies can give falsely low HbA1c readings due the decreased lifespan of RBCs
Ascites - use spironolactone
MRI brain with diffusion-weighted imaging is the preferred modality in patients with suspected TIA who require brain imaging
Ultrasound is the initial imaging modality of choice for suspected Achilles tendon rupture
Campylobacter infection is characterised by a prodrome, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea
Patients who take a staggered paracetamol overdose should receive treatment with acetylcysteine
Anti-dsDNA is a highly specific test for SLE
In life-threatening C. difficile infection treatment is with ORAL vancomycin and IV metronidazole
If a patient cannot complete sentences, they have severe asthma
Adductor pollicis is innervated by ulnar nerve and therefore, damage to ulnar nerve results in loss of thumb adduction
Cubital tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve and can present with tingling/numbness of the 4th and 5th finger
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is typically seen with pyrexia, tachycardia, renal failure, and elevated creatine kinase, in patients who have just commenced treatment. Renal failure may occur secondary to rhabdomyolysis.
In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) testing is recommended to aid diagnosis of liver fibrosis
Patients using methotrexate require effective contraception during and for at least 6 months after treatment in men or women
Asymptomatic patients with an abnormal HbA1c or fasting glucose must be confirmed with a second abnormal reading before a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is confirmed
Supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment in Cryptosporidium diarrhoea. In a patient with HIV presenting with diarrhoea, Cryptosporidium parvumis the most likely causative organism.
Iron defiency anaemia vs. anaemia of chronic disease: TIBC is high in IDA, and low/normal in anaemia of chronic disease
Surgery / diabetes: patients on insulin who have good glycaemic control and are undergoing minor procedures, can be managed during by adjustment of their usual insulin regimen.
Lip smacking + post-ictal dysphasia are localising features of a temporal lobe seizure
Bromocriptine is a treatment for galactorrhoea, which is caused by e.g. Metoclopramide, Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Domperidone
Lateral epicondylitis: worse on resisted wrist extension/suppination whilst elbow extended