circulatory

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The role of the circulatory system is to carry blood or hemolymph into close contact with every cell in the body to facilitate the diffusion of gases and other key solutes.
Organisms that do not have circulatory systems are able to exchange gas with the environment through diffusion at sufficient enough rates to survive by either being small enough or having a high surface area to volume ratio
The two types of circulatory systems in large animals are open and closed.
Both open and closed circulatory systems have a heart that pumps fluid used for gas exchange throughout the body.
Instead of blood, open circulatory systems depends on hemolymph which comes in direct contact with the tissues, increasing partial pressure gradients and diffusion efficiency.
In open circulatory systems, hemolymph flow is low, which suits sedentary organisms with low oxygen demands. This is circumvented by insects' tracheal respiratory system with direct contact with tissues and oxygen
Open circulatory systems cannot direct hemolymph towards tissues that require high oxygen levels and a buildup of CO2
Instead of vessels, hemolymph in open circulatory systems empties into an open, fluid-filled space.
In closed circulatory systems, blood travels in a continuous circuit of vessels under pressure generated by a heart, allowing for a high flow rate.
Closed circulatory systems can direct blood flow to the tissues that need it the most.
Arteries are tough, thick-walled vessels that take blood away from the heart. Small arteries are called arterioles
Capillaries are vessels whose walls are just one cell thick to facilitate the exchange of gases and other molecules between blood and tissues. Networks of capillaries are called capillary beds.
Veins are thin-walled vessels that return blood to the heart. Small veins are called venules.
Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid which fills the gaps between cells. It comes from fluid leaking from blood vessels.
Interstitial fluid is eventually collected in the lymphatic system that returns interstitial fluid back to the heart.
In fish, the circulatory system forms one circuit.
The hearts of fish have two chambers: 1 atria and 1 ventricle.
Frogs and humans have 2 circuits in their circulatory system: pulmonary and systematic
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and a pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart
The pulmonary circuit takes blood to the lungs and gills
The systematic circuit takes blood to the body
Contraction of the atria sends the blood to the ventricles.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood is sent to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
A heart murmur indicates damage or a deficiency to the heart valves leading to a backflow of blood.
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is sent through the aorta and into the systematic arteries and capillaries.
Frogs have a three chambered heart, with two atria and one ventricle, leading to mixing of blood from the right and left atria mixing in the common ventricle before going to the lungs or body.
The pulmonary and systematic circulations are only partially separated in frogs.
The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in frogs decreases the efficiency of gas exchange but allows frogs to decrease blood flow to lungs when they are underwater when most of the gas exchange occurs through their skin
The complete separation of the circulatory systems in mammals allows blood to flow at high blood pressure in the systemic circuit and lower pressure through the pulmonary circuit, while keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated to maintain partial pressure gradients.
The circulatory system transports many things via bulk flow, including gasses, nutrients, hormones, wastes, salts, and water.
Label the circulatory systems
A) human
B) fish
C) frog
A fish' heart is pumps only deoxygenated blood
The ventricle of a frog mixes deoxygenated and oxygenated blood together
The ventricles and atria of a human separates deoxygenated blood from oxygenated blood