MODULE 1

• Data can be categorized according to:

  1. Source
  2. Nature
  3. Time Dimension
  4. Measurement
  5. Arrangement
• According to Source

  1. Primary Data
  2. Secondary Data
• Primary Data

  Collected directly from farmers and include data on production, yield, rates of fertilizers and chemicals, etc.
• Secondary Data

  Based on published statistics and are taken from sources such as government agencies, public organizations, etc.
• According to Nature

  1. Quantitative Data
  2. Qualitative Data
• Quantitative Data

  numerical data;

  e.g., age, household size
• Qualitative Data

  non-numerical data;

  e.g., sex and occupation
• According to Time Dimension

  1. Cross-sectional Data
  2. Time Series Data
• Cross-sectional

  Data taken at one time period
• Time Series Data

  Data taken at several time periods; e.g., data on rice production from 2000-2018
• According to Measurement

  1. Continuous Data
  2. Discrete Data
• Continuous Data

  Data that can be divided into smaller units; e.g., height, weight, length, and distance
• Discrete Data

  Data that cannot be divided into smaller units; e.g., table, chair, carabao, refrigerator, baby
• Ranked Data

  Data that can be arranged into a set of ordered categories; e.g., first, second, third, fourth, fifth
• Nominal Data

  Discrete data that cannot be ordered; e.g., sex, tenure status
• Methods of Data Collection

  1. Survey
  2. Rapid Rural Appraisal
  3. Participatory Rural Appraisal
  4. Key Informant Interview
• SURVEY

  • Used in particular in farm management with the help of a prepared questionnaire

  • Can be carried out by enumerators who interview farmers

  • Requires travel costs, and personnel and logistic support which may be expensive
• RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL

  • Quickly conducted appraisals of the agricultural setting, often using small teams, which include identifying constraints and opportunities in farming

  • Consists of a series of techniques for “quick and dirty” research that produces results that are sometimes less precise than a more comprehensive survey.

  • Often of great value because the results are generated quickly
• Surveys can be carried out by enumerators who interview farmers
• SURVEY

  Used in particular in farm management with the help of a prepared questionnaire
• RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL

  Consists of a series of techniques for “quick and dirty” research that produces results that are sometimes less precise than a more comprehensive survey.
• PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL

  • Similar to RRA but with the participation of local farmers

  • Can be used to obtain information about village conditions and to assess the production potential, economic feasibility, social acceptability of particular technologies, and monitoring and

  evaluation of specific project activities
• KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW

  • Interviews with those having specific knowledge

  • Identify those who are in the best position to assist in making better decisions
• Sources of Data and Information

  1. NATIONAL STATISTICS
  2. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
  3. FARM RECORDS
• National statistics can pertain to historical yield and price information, and aggregated farm-level data
• National Statistics

  • ________ can pertain to historical yield and price information, and aggregated farm-level data

  • It is usually calculated as an average of the information collected from a number of farms – as such, it does not tell farmers what level of yields or prices that they can expect.

  • Found in agricultural statistics services, national extension services, other government agencies, consulting advisory services, newsletters, magazines, agricultural suppliers, neighbors, etc.
• PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

  • the most common source of data and information especially for small-hold/backyard farms.

  • this can be effectively supported by the provision of supplementary data.
• FARM RECORDS

  • Best source of historical production and marketing information.

  • Crop yields, livestock production, and cost information generated from farm records → basis for information on productivity and profitability and indicate how successful farmers are in managing the farm.