SKELETAL AND APENDICULAR

• Ligaments


  Connect bone and bone
• Tendons


  Connect muscles and bone
• Vertebrae


  The bone itself
• Hematopoiesis


  1. Blood cell production

  2. Happens inside the cavity

  3. Red bone marrow (Fetal and puberty)
• Bone deposition


  1. Calcium re-uptake process

  2. OSTEOBLAST
• Bone Resorption


  1. OSTEOCLAST

  2. Breaking/destroying cells

  3. Release Calcium
• Parathyroid Hormone


  Parathyroid Gland
• PTH stimulates kidney


  For blood calcium
• VIT D promotes


  Calcium absorption in small intestines
• Classification of bones


  • LONG BONES
  • SHORT BONES
  • FLAT BONES
  • IRREGULAR BONES
• LONG BONES


  • Shaft pahaba, head dulo
  • Diaphysis only in shaft, composed of compact bone
  • Epiphysis end of the bones, composed mostly of spongy bones, IN ADULTHOOD
  • PERIOSTIUM - Lining/Covering
  • SHARPEY'S FIBERS - secure periosteum
  • ARTERIES - supply bone cells with nutrients
  • ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - HYALINE CARTILAGE, decrease frictions
  • MEDULLARY CAVITY - RED AND YELLOW MARROW
• SHORT BONES


  • Cube-shape
• FLAT BONES


  • Thin and flattened, Cranial, ribs
• IRREGULAR BONES


  • Sesamoid bones, vertebrae and hips
• Microscopic bone structures


  • OSTEON (HAVERSIAN SYSTEM)
  • CENTRAL (HAVERSIAN) CANAL
  • PERFORATING (VOLKMAN'S) CANAL
  • LAMELLAE
• Bone development


  • INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION - DIRECT
  • ENDO - Replacement
• Division of the skeleton

  • 206 BONES IN THE BODY
  • AXIAL SKELETON - 80 bones
  • APPENDICULAR SKELETON - 126 bones
• Axial Skeleton


  • Skull 28, a. cranial 8, b. facial 14, c. ear ossicles 6
  • Vertebrae 26
  • Ribs 24
  • Sternum 1, 3 parts
• Appendicular Skeleton


  • UP - 64 bones
  • LOW - 62 bones
• Skull


  • Two sets of bones
• Pterion


  • Weakest part of the skull
  • Middle meningeal artery
• Orbit


  • Roof frontal
  • Medial frontal and lacrimal
  • Lateral zygomatic
  • Floor zygomatic and maxilla
• Fetal skull


  Fontanelles, allows our brain to grow, will convert to sutures or bone after 24m months
• Parts of the Skeletal System

  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
• Divisions of the Skeletal System

  • Axial Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton
• Functions of the bones

  • Support the body
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
• Bone


  Connective tissue
• Collagenous fibers or Organic Compound


  Responsible for bone's resilience
• Calcified Ground Substance or Inorganic Compound


  Responsible for bone's hardness, made up of Calcium Phosphate (Hydroxyapetite) and Calcium Carbonate
• Types of Bone Cells

  • Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
  • Osteoblasts or Bone Deposition (calcium reuptake process, bone-forming cells and repair)
  • Osteoclasts or Bone Resorption (bone-destroying cells, break down, remodeling, and release)
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblast and osteoclasts
• Decrease in blood calcium

  Parathyroid Hormone is released, it increases bone resorption
• Increase in blood calcium

  Calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland, it inhibits bone resorption
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissues

  • Compact bones (homogenous)
  • Spongy bones (needle-like, many open spaces)
• Classification of Bones


  • Long Bones (shaft, head)
  • Short Bones (cube-shape)
  • Flat Bones (thin and flattened, Cranial, ribs)
  • Irregular Bones (Sesamoid bones, vertebrae and hips)
• Gross Anatomy of Long Bones

  • Diaphysis (only in shaft, composed of compact bone)
  • Epiphysis (end of the bones, composed mostly of spongy bones, in adulthood)
• Structure of Long Bones

  • Periostium (Lining/Covering)
  • Sharpey's Fibers (secure periosteum)
  • Arteries (supply bone cells with nutrients)
  • Articular Cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage, decrease frictions)
  • Medullary Cavity (Red and Yellow Marrow)
• Microscopic Structures of Bone

  • Osteon (Haversian System, unit of a bone)
  • Central (Haversian) Canal (opening in the center, carries blood vessels and nerves)
  • Perforating (Volkman's) Canal (it perforates, perpendicular)
  • Lamellae (rings, sites of lacunae)
  • Canaliculi (tiny canals)
• Bone Development


  • Intramembranous Ossification (Direct)
  • Endochondral Ossification (Replacement)