Media Information Literacy

• Flamer


  Someone who knowingly attacks other netizens or expresses in an aggressive manner their opinion on controversial issues
• Flame


  An insulting and hostile comment made by one online poster against another user in an online setting
• Flame


  • Commonly happens on forums or in forums, message boards, game lobbies or any place online where people with different beliefs and principles gather
  • Usually occurs as a result of debate on heated topics such as religion, philosophy, politics, and gender
• Flaming


  Act of posting or sending offensive messages over the internet
• Troll


  A person who posts offensive, incendiary, or off-topic comments online
• Flame War


  A heated argument between two individuals, that results in those involved posting personal attacks on each other during or instead of debating the topic at hand
• Netiquette


  Observing proper etiquette as you engage in activities over the internet
• Netiquette rules


  • Avoid attacking the personhood of another online user
  • Do not post multiple versions of the same message. Spamming is disrespectful of others space and bandwidth
  • Observe clear language when expressing your thoughts to avoid misinterpretation that may lead to misunderstanding
  • Think before you click. Information over the internet moves so fast that you barely have control over those you posted by mistake. Posts are public and may be kept even if you deleted them
  • Do not veer away from the topic, especially in forums that talk about certain topics. Being off-topic is not just annoying but also impolite, intrusive, and disruptive
  • Use common sense. Do not ask for something that you are capable of doing by yourself. When asking for help with other online users, it is common courtesy to provide as much details as you can, to spare them from trouble of providing information you already know
  • If it is not your own idea, cite it. Respect intellectual property
  • Follow rules and policies as posted by moderators in forums or discussion boards
• Cyberbullying


  A type of offensive action toward another which takes place using electronic technology
• Cyberbullying


  • Can trigger traumatic experiences and can be worse than physical bullying since cyberbullying can happen any time of the day
  • Cyber bullies anonymously post hateful and mean messages and images, and can reach people very quickly
• Promoting proper netiquette, fostering mutual respect and courtesy by avoiding flame wars

  Can help avoid cyberbullying
• Internet Addiction


  • AKA computer addiction, online addiction, or Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)
  • Impulsive control problem
• Types of Internet Addiction

  • Cybersex addiction
  • Cyber-relationship addiction
  • Net compulsions
  • Information overload
  • Computer addiction
• Plagiarism


  The act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to the person
• Plagiarism


  • Persists because of that awkward feeling of reading someone else's words and having to make a concerted effort to understand what they mean, and then finding your own words to restate the ideas
  • May also be the case that the author of the work writes beautifully, that it seems the materials couldn't be said any better
• Types of Plagiarism


  • The Ghost Writer
  • The Photocopy
  • The Potluck Paper
  • The Poor Disguise
  • The Labor of Laziness
  • The Self-Stealer
  • The Forgotten Footnote
  • The Misinformer
  • The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
  • The Resourceful Citer
  • The Perfect Crime
• Powerful and Direct Effects Paradigm

  Most classic and already debunked theory is the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Theory, which posits that audiences are devoid of agency on their media reception, and that media is capable of greatly influencing the attitudes and behaviors of these audiences without even realizing it
• Limited Effects Paradigm


  Believes that you are highly capable of discerning propaganda and that the media has limited capacity to persuade you
• Moderate Effects Paradigm


  • Reconciliatory and is midway between the Powerful and Direct Effects Paradigm and the Limited Effects Paradigm
  • Audiences are not passive and are capable of creating meaningful experiences
  • Acknowledges that media effects can occur over a long period of time, while the limited effect was unable to understand the media role in cultural changes
• People Media


  Refers to persons who are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information
• Types of People Media

  • People as Media
  • People in Media
• People as Media


  People who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to provide information as accurate and reliable as possible
• People in Media


  Media practitioners who provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first-hand experience of events
• Types of People as Media

  • Opinion Leaders
  • Citizen Journalism
  • Social Journalism
  • Crowdsourcing
• Opinion Leaders


  Considered as an opinion leader if you're highly exposed to and actively using media, and in doing so, you become a source of viable interpretation of messages for lower-end media users
• Media practitioners


  People who provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first-hand experience of events
• Commonalities between media practitioners and people as media

  • Both are people media which means they are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation, and production of media and information
  • Both are people who provide information
• People in media


  Media practitioners themselves become people media
• Differences between media practitioners and people as media

  • People in media are media-related professionals, whereas people as media are not
• Types of people as media

  • Opinion Leaders
  • Citizen Journalism
  • Social Journalism
  • Crowdsourcing
• Opinion leader


  Someone who is highly exposed to and actively using media, and becomes a source of viable interpretation of messages for lower-end media users
• Opinion leaders must hold an esteemed position among members of a group for their opinions to be accepted
• Two-step flow communication model

  Messages originate from media forms, flow to opinion leaders, then opinion leaders pass the information through conversations with peers
• Opinion leadership is not a trait, but a role taken by some individuals in certain circumstances
• Opinion leaders are believed to be more influential towards other people's opinions, attitudes, and perceptions, than the media from which the message originated
• Citizen journalism


  When members of the public become active participants in the collection, reportage, analysis, and dissemination of news and information to other citizens
• Social journalism


  A model of information relay that combines professional journalism with those offered by citizen journalists, or even regular audiences who post feedback, comment, or who share content, such as stories and events, on their online accounts
• The downside of social journalism is that it may be bound to be abused through reliance on third party sources, and the stories may fail to undergo rigorous verification and fact-checking
• Journalists are using social media to make their content available to more people
• Crowdsourcing


  The practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community