class- external factors

• Hyman and sugarman


  parental attitudes

  mc- optimistic, deferred gratification, future orientation, individualism

  
  

  wc- fatalisti, immediate grat, present-time orientation, collectivism
• deferred gratification


  going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future
• immediate gratification


  Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
• future orientation


  long term future success
• present-time orientation


  Seeing the present as more important than the future
• Douglas


  parental interest

  mc parents more invested in education
• feinstein


  parental support

  mc more supportive
• evans


  mc mothers more knowledgeable about early years development
• external factors


  cultural deprivation

  material deprivation

  cultural capital
• cultural deprivation


  many wc are inadequately socialised into society

  e.g lack aspirations, motivation, language skills
• hubb-tait et al


  language

  parents use language that challenges their children to develop intellectuality
• Bernstein


  speech codes

  restricted- wc

  elaborated- mc
• gaine and george


  criticise Bernstein

  exaggerates the difference between mc and wc speech codes
• Bernstein and young


  parents with higher qualification spend income to promote children success
• compensatory education


  policy aimed to tackle cultural deprivation

  e.g sure start, education action zones
• material deprivation


  A lack of resources and money needed for educational success.

  e.g poor housing, diet, no financial funding
• howard


  young people from poorer homes may have more absences from school due to poor nutrition and health
• smith and noble


  poverty is a barrier to learning because you are unable to afford text books, tutoring, and the correct uniform.
• callender and jackson


  wc less likely to go uni due to debt
• Bordieu


  cultural capital

  refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes of mc

  e.g high culture
• sullivan


  used questionnaires to assess cultural capital

  found that the children with greatest cultural capital were children of graduates
• keddie - myth of cultural deprivation


  victim blaming the wc

  not deprived - schools is just bias towards different classes