water fat soluble vitamin

• Thiamin


  Part of coenzyme TPP in energy metabolism
• Riboflavin


  Part of coenzymes FAD and FMN in energy metabolism
• Niacin


  Part of coenzymes NAD and NADP in energy metabolism
• Biotin


  Part of coenzyme in energy metabolism
• Pantothenic acid


  Part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism
• Vitamin B6


  Part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
• Folate


  Activates vitamin B₁₂; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth
• Vitamin B12


  Activates folate; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth; protects nerve cells
• Vitamin C


  Synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters; antioxidant
• Deficiency Symptoms


  • Beriberi (edema or muscle wasting), anorexia and weight loss, neurological disturbances, muscular weakness, heart enlargement and failure
  • Inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids
  • Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia)
  • Skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances
  • Digestive and neurological disturbances
  • Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion
• Water-Soluble Vitamins


  • Thiamin
  • Riboflavin
  • Niacin
  • Biotin
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Vitamin B6
  • Folate
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C
• Deficiency Symptoms


  • Beriberi
  • Inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids
  • Pellagra
  • Skin rash, hair loss, neurological disturbances
  • Digestive and neurological disturbances
  • Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions, anemia
  • Anemia, glossitis, neurological disturbances, elevated homocysteine
  • Anemia; nerve damage and paralysis
  • Scurvy
• Toxicity Symptoms


  • None reported
  • None reported
  • Niacin flush, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
  • None reported
  • None reported
  • Nerve degeneration, skin lesions
  • Masks vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Diarrhea, GI distress
• Food Sources


  • Enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products; pork
  • Milk products; enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products; liver
  • Protein-rich foods
  • Widespread in foods; GI bacteria synthesis
  • Widespread in foods
  • Protein-rich foods
  • Legumes, vegetables, fortified grain products
  • Foods derived from animals
  • Fruits and vegetables
• Vitamin A


  • Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene
• Vitamin A


  Vision; maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone and tooth growth; reproduction; immunity
• Significant Sources of Vitamin A

  • Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver
  • Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
• Deficiency Disease for Vitamin A

  Hypovitaminosis A
• Deficiency Symptoms for Vitamin A

  • Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot's spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia); impaired immunity (infectious diseases); plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)
• Toxicity Disease for Vitamin A

  Hypervitaminosis A
• Chronic Toxicity Symptoms for Vitamin A

  • Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defects
• Acute Toxicity Symptoms for Vitamin A

  • Blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches; muscle incoordination
• Vitamin D


  • ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂): vitamin D derived from plants in the diet and made from the yeast and plant sterol ergosterol
  • cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 or calciol): vitamin D derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol, with the help of sunlight
  • calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D): vitamin D found in the blood that is made from the hydroxylation of cholecalciferol in the liver
  • calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D): vitamin D that is made from the hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidneys; the biologically active hormone, sometimes called active vitamin D
• Vitamin D


  Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)
• Significant Sources of Vitamin D

  • Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight; fortified milk, margarine, butter, juices, cereals, and chocolate mixes; veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils
• Deficiency Diseases for Vitamin D

  Rickets, osteomalacia
• Deficiency Symptoms for Vitamin D


  • Rickets in Children: Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs); enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists); deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs); a delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head; lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen; muscle spasms
  • Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in Adults: Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones; progressive weakness; pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
• Toxicity Disease for Vitamin D

  Hypervitaminosis D
• Toxicity Symptoms for Vitamin D

  • Elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)
• Vitamin E


  • Alpha-tocopherol
• Vitamin E


  Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A)
• Significant Sources of Vitamin E

  • Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings), leafy green vegetables (spinach, turnip greens, collard greens, broccoli), wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds, fatty meats
• Vitamin E is easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
• Deficiency Symptoms for Vitamin E


  • Red blood cell breakage, a nerve damage
• Toxicity Symptoms for Vitamin E

  • Augments the effects of anticlotting medication
• Vitamin K


  • Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone
• Vitamin K


  Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
• Significant Sources of Vitamin K

  • Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract; a liver; leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables; milk
• Vitamin K needs cannot be met from bacterial synthesis alone; however, it is a potentially important source in the small intestine, where absorption efficiency ranges from 40 to 70 percent
• There are no known toxicity symptoms for Vitamin K