PIC MIDTERMS

• Stone Age in the Ph

  • Learned through anthropology and archeology
  • Evolution of Man
  • Tools, traces of civilization
• Tabon Skull Fragments in Palawan


  • Ice Age
  • Earliest Evidence of Human Life
  • Suggests that there were a prehistoric civilization (hunter-gatherers)
  • 2,000 Years Exists
• Internal Development Theory


  • Developed by: William Meacham (1988 and 1995)
  • Asserts that the homeland to Austronesian Speakers lies within a wide triangle called Austronesia
  • Same language learned through trading
  • Austronesians reached many places: They are always moving because of trading
  • The people in this triangle developed an internal culture

  
• Austronesian Speakers Internal Development Theory in the Philippines


  Sumatra (Indonesia) to Formosa (Taiwan)

  
• Austronesian Migration Theory (Out of Taiwan Theory)


  • Proposed by: Peter Bellwood
  • Suggests the growth of the population of the Philippines is a result of a group of people from Asia known as Austronesians
  • Taiwan Starting Point
  • Katutubong galing mula sa South China to Taiwan to other parts of Asia 3500 BC
  • In Asia, there is a thriving civilization in China: South China to Taiwan (Technologies in Farming)
  • Balanghai/Barangay: pagkakatulad ng wikang ginamit/ based on the language they used

  
• Multiple Homeland Hypothesis


  • Proposed by: Henry Otley Beyer (Father of Philippine Anthropology)
  • Argues that there are many origins of the peopling of the Philippines
  • First Wave: Indonesia to Philippines
  • Second Wave: Indochina to the diff. islands of the Philippines
  • Third Wave: Indochina to the Philippines
  • Last Wave: Mainland China to the Philippines

  
• Unique Homeland Hypothesis


  • Melanesian Homeland Hypothesis (MELANESIA)
  • Unique South China Sea Homeland Hypothesis (CELEBES SEA)
  • Unique Mainland Southeastern China (SOUTHEASTERN CHINA)

  
• Melanesian Homeland Hypothesis


  • By American linguist: Isidore Dyen (1962 & 1965)
  • Movement of people originated from Melanesia around 3,500 BC (somewhere in Melanesia between the Bismarck Archipelago and the New Hebrides)
• Unique South China Sea Homeland Hypothesis


  • Wilhelm G. Solheim looked at Trading Activities (as the main basis)
  • NUSANTAO (NUSA = SOUTH, TAO = HUMAN)
  • Peopling of the Ph is related to thriving TRADING RELATIONS happening around Borneo & Celebes Sea
  • ROUTE: Indonesia —> Philippines in Mindanao —--> South China

  
• Unique Mainland Southeastern China Hypothesis

  • Made use of LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE to demonstrate the origins of the movement of people to the Philippines, but to this day the movement routes are still in question
  • Linguistic Evidence: LEXICON & MORPHOLOGY

  
• Proponents of Unique Mainland Southeastern China Hypothesis

  • Robert Heine-Geldern (1932)
  • Arsenio Manuel (1966)
  • Robert Suggs (1988) & Richard Shutter (1991) & Jeffrey Marck (1995) - Formalized by Peter Bellwood (1997)

  
• Estimated population of IPs in the Philippines is 12 Million (2007) - 14% of total population

  
• 110 Indigenous People Groups in the Ph, many reside in islands of Minadanao (eg. Manobo) and Northern (eg. Ifugao) & Southern Luzon (eg. Mangyan, Tagbanwa)
• Indigenous People of the Philippines

  • REGION I and CAR (Cordillera Mountain Range): Tingguian, Isneg, Northern Kalinga, Bontoc, Sagada, Ifugao, Southern Kalinga, Ibaloi, Kankanaey
  • REGION II: Cagayan Valley & Caraballo: Ibang, Itaws, Yogad, Gaddang, Ilongot, Ikalohan, Isinai, Some Aeta Groups
  • REGION III: Sierra Madre Range: Dumagat, Pugot, Aeta, Sambal
  • REGION IV: Quezon, Palawan, & Mindoro: Agta, Mindoro: Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Tao-Buid, Buhid, Hanunoo, Gubatnon, Palawan: Tagbanua, Batak, Palawanon, Cuyunon
  • REGION V: Bicol: Kabihug of Camarines Norte, Agta Tabangon, Agta Cimarron, Itom (Camarines Sur, Albay, & Sorsogon)
  • REGION VI: Panay & Negros Island: Ati, Sulod
  • MINDANAO (Largest no. of IPs): Lumads: Subanen, B'taan, T'boli, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Manobo, Bagobo, Bukidnon, Tagakaolo, Ubo, Banwaon, Kalagan, Dibabawon, Talaandig, Mamawa, Manguangan
• 61% : Mindanao, 33% : Cordillera, 6% : Others
• All of these are theories, but one thing is sure that we are all derived from AUSTRONESIANS
• Asian Development Bank Framework

  • Descended from Old Societies: Indigenous people descended from population groups that lived in a particular area BEFORE A MODERN STATE
  • Maintain Unique Cultural Identities: Culture & Identity are celebrated
  • ADP defines IPs as: "Those with a social or cultural identity distinct from the dominant or mainstream society"
• International Labor Organization


  • The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples' Rights In Practice: ILO Convention Number 169
  • Provides the criteria to separate the concept of "tribal people" from IPs
• Tribal vs Indigenous


  • Tribal: Those with culture, social organizations, economic conditions, and way of life different from other segments of national population, Own traditions & customs and/or legal recognition
  • Indigenous: Primarily characterized by HISTORICAL CONTINUITY & their societies thriving during pre-conquest and colonization, Territorial connection and their ancestors inhabiting the country/region which they have a claim, Have distinct social, economic or political systems

  
• Rituals


  Ceremonial acts or practices
• Fiestas


  Festivals or celebrations
• Conservation of vernacular languages


  Preservation of local or regional languages
• Indigenous Peoples (IPs)


  Those with a social or cultural identity distinct from the dominant or mainstream society

  
• Education for IPs


  • Mismatch in their and our education system
  • Difference in language
• Society for IPs


  • Difference in standardized culture
  • Clash or hegemony in belief systems and norms
• Tribal People


  • Those with culture, social organizations, economic conditions, and way of life different from other segments of national population
  • Own traditions & customs and/or legal recognition
• Indigenous People


  • Primarily characterized by historical continuity & their societies thriving during pre-conquest and colonization
  • Territorial connection and their ancestors inhabiting the country/region which they have a claim
  • Have distinct social, economic, cultural, and political institutions & retain some/all of their own institutions
• Difference between IPs and Tribal People

  • Primary difference: Historical Continuity & Territorial Connection
  • Historical Continuity: the study of what remains the same over a period of time. It can also refer to a period of no change within a culture or of what remains the same over a region.
  • Territorial Connection: the monopolization of space by an individual or group, or a person's persistent attachment to a specific territory

  
• Indigenous People


  The original, native, or first ethnic groups of people living in their own or original region or place
• Tribe


  A specific social group within an indigenous community
• Martinez Cobo Study


  • Importance of historical continuity
  • Preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories and ethnic identity
  • Preservation, development, and transmission are the basis of their continued existence
  • Distinct
• Madame Erica Irene-Daes


  • Different Cultures
  • Isolated or Excluded from the country's population and so have preserved customs and traditions
  • Distant or Alien
• Right to Self-identification


  Article I Section 2 of ILO Convention 169
• World Health Organization Framework

  • Primarily aims to advance the health status of indigenous people in the world
  • They acknowledge the fact that the health status of IPs is poorer than non-indigenous population
• Understanding of Indigenous People


  • Identify themselves and are recognized by their community as indigenous
  • Demonstrate historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies
  • Have strong links to territories and surrounding natural resources
  • Have distinct social, economic, or political systems
  • Maintain distinct languages, cultures, and beliefs
  • From non-dominant groups of society
  • Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and communities
• IPs are people who are self-ascribed and acknowledged by an indigenous group that has a strong link to pre-colonial history in territory and distinctiveness in culture, societal norms, practices, and beliefs, non-dominant, and has a will to resolve and maintain their ancestral environments and identity
• Franke Wilmer


  • First Social Scientists to examine condition of the IP
  • IPs are: Traditional based, Politically autonomous before colonization, Struggle for preservation of their cultural integrity
• Franke Wilmer & Gerald Alfred

  • 1997 3 criteria for a group to be considered as IP: Descended from original inhabitants of geographic areas they occur, Intend to live in conformity with their traditional based cultures, Political destiny is subjected to policy from outside sources
• James Andaya


  • Issue of ancestral roots and the continued colonial domination: Living descendants of pre-invasion whose lands are dominated by others, Ancestral roots are fixed in the territory, They are distinct due to their ancestor's way of life carried over into the present generation
• Ted Gurr


  • Indigenous people live mainly in conformity with traditional social, economic, and cultural customs that differ acutely from the dominant group without assertion of cessation