Chemical Equations

• Chemical Equations

  A linear representation of chemical reactions where atoms of elements and the various compounds react together to form products
• Chemical Equations

  • Reactants are on the left side of the equation
  • Products are on the right side of the equation
  • Forward facing arrow separates reactants and products
  • Plus sign signifies two compounds reacting and all the products formed
• Radicals

  A group of compounds that are bonded covalently and possess a charge, acting as a single unit
• If a compound begins with Hydrogen, it becomes an acid
• In all acids, the element Hydrogen (H) is present
• Acid

  A substance that contains hydrogen and is able to donate a proton (hydrogen ion) and accept electrons in a chemical reaction
• Acids are also known as proton donors
• Acids is sour to the taste
• Acids have a buildup of citric or ascorbic acid
• Acids have a pH between 1 and 7
• pH

  Power of hydrogen
• Acid pH

  • pH between 1 and 3 is considered a very strong acid
  • pH of 4 is a moderately strong acid
  • pH of 5-6 is a weak acid
• Acids react with bases and alkalisform a

  salt & water
• Acids turn blue litmus paper red an red litmus paper remains red
• Bases

  Substance that accepts hydrogen and donates electrons in a chemical reaction
• Common Bases

  • Sodium Hydroxide
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Beryllium Hydroxide
  • Aluminium Hydrogen Carbonate
  • Magnesium Oxide
• Bases

  • Bitter to the taste
  • Slippery to the touch
  • Have a pH greater than 7
• A base with a pH of 10-14 is a

  Strong base
• pH of 12-14

  Weak base
• pH of 13-14

  Moderately strong base
• Water is considered neutral as pH is 7
• Water is the only substance with a pH of 7
• Bases neutralize acids to form?

  salt and water
• Bases change red litmus paper to blue
• Red litmus paper will remain red when in contact with an acid
• There are different types of reactions that take place in science
• State symbols

  Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g), Aqueous (aq)
• Aqueous means 'dissolved in water'
• Formula for phosphate is

  PO43-
• Sulphate formula is SO₄²-
• Hydroxide formula is OH-
• Carbonate formula is CO₃²-
• pH

  Measurement of hydrogen ion concentration present in the solution
• pH scale

  • Number scale that indicates how acidic or basic a solution is
  • Acids have a pH below 7
  • Bases have a pH above 7
  • Neutral solutions have a pH of 7
• pH indicators

  Chemicals that change colour depending on the pH of a solution