Misleading information

• What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) investigate?


  Effects of leading questions on EWT
• How did Loftus and Palmer conduct their study?

  Participants were asked to watch a video on a car crash and asked to record everything they remember
• What did Loftus and Palmer asked their participants a week after the initial experiment?


  If they had seen glass shatter in the video
• How did the wording of Loftus and Palmer’s questions vary regarding speed of the cars?

  Smashed (40.8mph), Collided (39.3mph) and contacted (31.8)
• How many participants reported seeing glass in Loftus and Palmer’s study?

  32% using the verb “smashed” and 14% using the verb “hit”
• What is post-event discussion?

  Where the memory of an event is altered through discussion with others or being questioned multiple times
• What are leading questions?

  Memory of event is altered due to probing for a desired response through phrasing of questions
• What did Gabbert and Co (2003) find?


  Investigation of the conformity effect where participants reached a consensus view of what happened
• How did Gabbert and Co investigate this?


  Participants in pairs, where each partner watched a different video of the same event (unique item); pairs in one condition were asked to discuss event before each partner individually recalled events
• What did Gabbert and Co find from the study?

  71% of those who discussed beforehand mistakenly recalled items gathered discussion