UNDS

• Ancient Greek Philosophers


  See humans as bearers of irreplaceable values
• St. Thomas Aquinas


  Believed that the body constitutes individuality
• Rene Descartes


  Famous for his quote "I think, therefore, I am" (Cogito ergo sum)
• Frank Johnson's Four Categories of the Self

  • Analytical
  • Monotheistic
  • Individualistic
  • Materialistic/Rationalistic
• Dharma


  Refers to rules that describe goodness and appropriate behavior
• Karma


  Refers to the movement from past incarnations that affect the present and the future
• Maya


  Refers to distorted perceptions of reality and experience that can be identified as such only with direct attention to our own process of awareness that come about through internal concentration or meditation
• Atman


  Refers to a concept of universality in which the self is seen not as individual but as part of the entire cosmos
• In Buddhist traditions, the self is not an entity, a substance or an essence
• The self is a dynamic process and ever-changing
• Anatta


  Doctrine which is often defined as no-self or no-soul
• The Self in Confucianism


  Is something that is formed through upbringing and the environment. Personality is achieved through moral excellence
• Four beginnings of the self in Confucianism

  • Jen – heart of compassion
  • Yin – heart of righteousness
  • Li – heart of propriety
  • Chih – heart of wisdom
• Naikan Therapy


  Views self-centeredness as a problem that many people need to overcome
• Three Guide Questions in Naikan Therapy

  • What did I receive from this person?
  • What did I return to this person?
  • What troubles and worries did I cause this person?
• Kapwa


  Core value of the Filipinos according to Virgilio Enriquez (Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino). The self and the others combined, shared inner self. Negative: walang kapwa tao. Pakikiramdam – shared inner perception
• Japanese students


  Happiness comes with positive social engagement – with feeling close, friendly, and respectful
• American students


  Happiness comes with disengaged emotions – with feeling effective, superior, and proud
• Conflict in collectivists cultures often takes place between groups; individualist cultures breed more conflict between individuals
• Baumeister's Three Aspects of the Self Concept

  • Private – mental processes that perceive one's own traits or behaviors
  • Public – generalized view of the self; perceptions of how others view you
  • Collective – view of self in the collective context
• St. Augustine


  Asked whether things were beautiful because it gave delight, or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful
• Plato


  Connected beauty to love and desire
• Aristotle


  Asserted that the chief forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness
• David Hume


  Beauty is no quality in things themselves; it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them
• Francis Hutcheson


  The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight
• A person who is perceived as attractive makes more money than a person of below-average looks
• In politics, voters who are not actively engaged in social and political issues choose candidates based on "looks"
• Halo Effect


  The tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics compared to those who are less attractive
• Cultural traditions can either be a positive or negative influence on body image and on self-esteem
• Ideal standards of body sizes are culturally specific
• Americans have emphasized thinness
• Filipinos emphasize dieting and body appearance
• People experience body dissatisfaction due to the cultural standards
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder


  Imagined Ugliness, a preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance by someone who actually looks reasonably normal
• Bulimia Nervosa


  Out-of-control eating episodes or binges, are followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or attempts to purge (get rid of) the food

  
• Anorexia Nervosa


  The person eats only minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously
• Binge-Eating disorder


  Individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not attempt to purge the food

  
• Etiology of Eating Disorders


  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • Social

  
• In Ancient Greece, Men assume the dominant role. The male symbol is viewed as the symbol of fertility. Women were considered as objects to be possessed. Women were forbidden to own property and had no legal rights
• The Protestant Reformation of the 16th Century believed that sexuality is a natural part of life that priest should be able to marry. Sexual intimacy strengthens the bond between the couple