STS midterm

• Science in Pre-Spanish, Philippines

  • Technology
  • Archaeological Artifacts
  • The Galleon Trade
  • The American influence in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines
• The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology
• The goal is to prepare the whole country and capacitate the people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world
• In 2015, in response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals
• Policies and programs recommended by the NCRP

  • Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
  • Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
  • Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
• Existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the DOST


  • Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology
  • Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and technology
  • Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos in the field of science and technology
  • BALIK Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists
• In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country
• The current K to 12 education program included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related fields in college
• The Commission on Higher Education launched its Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and technology
• Areas and fields the country is looking forward to embark on various research and projects

  • Use of alternative and safe energy
  • Harnessing mineral resources
  • Finding cure for various diseases and illness
  • Climate change and global warming
  • Increasing food production
  • Preservation of natural resources
  • Coping with natural disasters and calamities
  • Infrastructure development
• Aspects related to science and technology policies

  • National Goals
  • International Treaty
  • Legal Frameworks
  • Social Needs, Issues and Problems
• Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions to Philippine science, including agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine, marine science, chemistry, engineering, and biology, and are also famous abroad
• 10 Filipino Scientists


  • Ramon Cabanos Barba
  • Josefino Cacas Comiso
  • Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.
  • Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
  • Fabian Millar Dayrit
  • Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
  • Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.
  • Lilian Formalejo Patena
  • Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz
  • Gregory Ligot Tangonan
• Other outstanding Filipino scientists include Caesar A. Saloma, Edgardo Gomez, William Padolina, and Angel Alcala
• The University of the Philippines - Los Baños is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal science, and veterinary science
• The University of the Philippines - Visayas is a national center for marine science, fisheries, and other related sciences
• The University of the Philippines - Manila is a center of excellence
• The University of the Philippines - Diliman has established a national science and engineering complex
• Indigenous Knowledge System


  Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment.
• Examples of indigenous knowledge taught and practiced by indigenous people

  • Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals' behavior and celestial bodies
  • Using herbal medicine
  • Building local irrigation systems
  • Preserving foods
  • Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
• Indigenous Science


  Traditional knowledge, practices, and methodologies developed by indigenous communities over generations. It encompasses their understanding of the natural world, ecosystems, and sustainable resource management, often rooted in a deep connection to the land and environment. This knowledge is unique to each indigenous culture and contributes to diverse perspectives on science and the environment.
• Examples of Indigenous Science

  • Traditional Agriculture
  • Medicinal Knowledge
• Indigenous Science


  • Uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting
  • Guided by culture and community values such as: The land is a source of life and a precious gift from the creator, the Earth is revered as "Mother Earth" and the origin of their identity, all living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent, human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources with a responsibility to preserve it, nature is a friend to human beings and needs respect and proper care
  • Composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy
• Indigenous Knowledge System


  Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment.
• Examples of indigenous knowledge taught and practiced by indigenous people

  • Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals' behavior and celestial bodies
  • Using herbal medicine
  • Building local irrigation systems
  • Preserving foods
  • Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
• Indigenous Science


  Traditional knowledge, practices, and methodologies developed by indigenous communities over generations. It encompasses their understanding of the natural world, ecosystems, and sustainable resource management, often rooted in a deep connection to the land and environment. This knowledge is unique to each indigenous culture and contributes to diverse perspectives on science and the environment.
• Indigenous Science


  • Uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting
  • Guided by culture and community values such as: the land is a source of life and a precious gift, the Earth is revered as "Mother Earth" and the origin of their identity, all living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent, human beings are stewards of the land and natural resources with a responsibility to preserve it, nature is a friend to human beings and needs respect and proper care
  • Composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy