Cells

• Cell


  Smallest structure that can perform life's functions
• Cell Membrane


  • Outer boundary of the cell that separates it from its neighbouring cells and the environment around it
  • Controls what enters and leaves a cell
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance
• Cytosol


  Liquid part of the cytoplasm (75%-90% water)
• Nucleus


  • Largest organelle in the cell
  • Usually oval or sphere shape
  • Contains DNA
  • Controls cellular activities (metabolism, growth and reproduction)
  • Contains nucleolus and nucleoplasm
• Ribosomes


  • Sphere shaped
  • Convert genetic code into amino acid sequence
  • Build protein polymers from amino acid monomers
  • Work in cytoplasm
  • Can be loose or joined to other organelles
  • Amino acids join to make proteins
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  • Provides a surface for chemical reactions to occur and the channels can store and transport materials
  • Forms the supporting framework of the cell
  • Smooth (no ribosomes attached) or Rough (are attached to the surface)
  • Parallel membranes that extend through the cytoplasm
• Golgi Apparatus/body

  • Flattened membranes stacked one upon the other
  • Modify proteins and package them for secretion from the cell
• Lysosomes


  • Small spheres that contain enzymes which break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates
  • Break down materials taken into the cell or break down worn out organelles
• Mitochondria


  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Contains spiral DNA
  • Cellular respiration
  • Make energy for the cell
• Cilia and Flagella


  • Fine projections that beat back and forth to either move the cell or move substances over the cells surface
• The three main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Cytoplasm - contains organelles, enzymes, and other substances needed by the cell.
• Cytoplasm - The jelly-like substance inside the cell where most chemical reactions take place.
• The cell wall is made up of polysaccharides, such as cellulose.
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy, producing ATP molecules as a result.
• The final byproducts of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
• The cell membrane is the outermost layer that surrounds all cells.
• Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads (water-loving) and hydrophobic tails (water-hating).
• During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with the release of ATP and NADH.
• In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it undergoes decarboxylation to form Acetyl CoA, which then combines with oxaloacetic acid to produce citrate.
• Proteins act as channels or gates on the surface of the cell membrane.
• Fuctions of a lipid include energy storage, insolation, structural components of cell membranes and signalling molecules.
• Channel Proteins contain narrow, central channels that allow for the massage of water and small molecules
• Carrier Proteins carry large, specific molecules into the cell.
• Active Transport involves the use of ATP by carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient.
• Passive transport does not require any input from the cell and occurs through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration.
• Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
• Passive transport is when substances are moved across the plasma membrane without using any energy from cells.
• Receptor proteins receive messages from hormones.
• Endocytosis is the process of engulfing material from the extracellular environment into the cell.
• Muscular tissue includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and involuntary muscle.
• Skin is and example of Epithelial Tissue
• An example of nervous tissue is the brain and spinal cord.
• All cells, no matter the type, have 3 things in common.

  o  DNA

  o  Cytoplasm

  o  Cell membrane
• Organelles means little organ.
• Chromatin is the messy string form of DNA found in the nuclear membrane.
• Ribosomes are made in the nucleaus