Week 7 - muscles, cartilage and bone

• Cartilage is …

  Avascular and aneural
• key paracrine signalling factor for appendicular skeleton development?


  FGF10
• Types of ossification (bone formation)?

  Intramembranous: bone replaces medicine forms clavicle and some craniofacial bones

  endochondral: hyaline cartilage replaced by bone, gives rise to most bones of axial and appendicular skeleton
• Key Components of connective tissue

  Cells like chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibroblasts

  Ecm: fibres and ground substance
• Where do bones and cartilage come from (lineage)?

  Paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, neural crest
• Chondrogenesis steps?

  Mesenchymal condensation: proliferation, aggregation

  chondrocyte differentiation: changes in gene expression and morphology

  matrix secretion, cartilage formation.
• epimere and hypomere

  epimere: back muscles

  hypomere: muscles of thorax, abdomen
• How is muscle growth regulated?

  Myostatin gene.
• What is the skeletal muscle stem cell?

  Satellite cell
• Major histological characteristics of cardiac muscle

  Intercalated disc branched striated
• 3 locations of smooth muscle

  GI tract, arteries, respiratory system
• Highest to lowest regenerative capacity muscle

  Smooth, skeletal, cardiac
• Does cartilage have nerves or regenerate wall after damage?

  No
• Does bone have vasculature, nerves, generate wall after damage?

  Yes.
• Endochondral ossification

  Resting proliferation hypertrophic calcification ossification