Computer Programming

• The computer organization is concerned with the structure and behavior of digital computers
• Computer


  An electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It is a programmable machine that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data
• Brief History of Computers

  1. Abacus

  2. Pascaline

  3. Stepped Reckoner

  4. Jacquard Loom

  5. Difference Engine

  6. Analytical Engine

  7. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

  8. Tabulating Machine

  9. Harvard Mark 1

  10. Z1

  11. Colossus

  12. ENIAC

  13. UNIVAC 1

  14. EDVAC

  15. IBM 650

  16. IBM 704

  17. Apple I and Apple II

  18. MS-DOS Computer

  19. Macintosh 128

  20. Windows 1.0
• Generations of Computers

  • First Generation (Vacuum tube based)
  • Second Generation (Transistor based)
  • Third Generation (Integrated Circuit based)
  • Fourth Generation (Microprocessor based)
  • Fifth Generation (Microprocessor based)
• Computer Components

  • Hardware
  • Software
• Hardware


  • Input
  • Output
  • Processing
  • Memory
• Software

  • System Software
  • Application Software
  • Programming Languages
• Input Devices

  • Mouse
  • Keyboard
  • Scanner
  • Web cam
• Output Devices

  • Monitor
  • Headphones
  • Printer
  • Speaker
  • Projector
• System Software

  • Windows 10
  • Linux
  • MacOS
• Input–Process–Output (IPO) model


  A widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or another process
• Classification of Computers (Based on Size and Capacity)

  • Supercomputer
  • Mainframe Computer
  • Minicomputer
• Supercomputer


  • The fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for processing data
  • Made to perform multi-specific tasks
  • Composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing
• Mainframe Computer


  • Multi-programming, high-performance, and multi-user computer
  • Can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer
• Minicomputer


  • A digital and multi-user system with the connection of more than one CPU
  • Currently used to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry
• Super Computer


  The fastest and most powerful, and expensive type of computer for processing data
• Super Computer


  • Made to perform multi-specific tasks
  • Composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing
• Mainframe Computer


  A multi-programming, high-performance, and multi-user computer that can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time
• Mini Computer


  A digital and multi-user system with the connection of more than one CPU, currently used to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry
• Micro Computer


  The commonly used Personal Computer, typically used for personal use and widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing, etc.
• General Purpose Computer


  Computers that do various everyday tasks such as writing a word processing letter, document preparation, recording, financial analysis, printing documents
• Special Purpose Computer


  Computers designed to perform a particular or specialized task, needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to conduct work efficiently
• Analog Computer


  Computers used only to process analog data, measures continuous changes in a physical quantity and used in the fields of technology, science, research, engineering
• Digital Computer


  Computers that represent the digital computer's letters, numerical values, or any other special symbols, can perform arithmetic operations and all types of logical (mathematical) operations
• Hybrid Computer


  A combined complex computer unit built using both analog and digital properties and united by a single control system, designed to provide functions and features that can be found on both analog and digital devices
• A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service
• A specification is often a type of technical standard
• CPU (Central Processing Unit)


  The brain of the computer, contributes to speed and performance, Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers of processors
• Processor GHz Speed


  The "clock speed" of the processor, the faster (higher the number) your GHz speed, the faster the computer can do what you ask it to do
• Solid State Drive - SSD


  Helps take care of your data, can replace a hard drive, and uses less of the CPU, more stable long term in terms of not breaking down, smaller in size and capacity, perfect for slim-line computers
• GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)


  Most computers come with a GPU, or graphics card, already installed, known as integrated graphics cards, important for photo or image editing, graphic design, or gaming
• Battery Life


  Laptop computer specs will include the approximate battery life of the computer, important if you're normally using your computer away from a power source
• RAM (Random Access Memory)


  Enables to easily open lots of browser tabs and allows easily have lots of programs or applications open at once, measured in gigabytes (GB), a casual, normal user wants at least 4 GB, gamers want at least 8 GB, graphic developers or image editors want at least 16 GB
• Weight


  An important consideration if you're going to be carrying your laptop around
• Peripherals


  The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a bundle, but you may be able to select wireless devices that make desktops neater
• Screen Size


  If you're just using it for web surfing, school, or work, you will probably want at least 15" for an adult, but smaller would be fine if it's for a younger child, if you're using it for visually-heavy things like graphics or photo editing, then you might want one of the biggest size screens available
• CPU Processor


  • Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3
• Memory


  • 2GB or greater
• Hard drive


  • 128 GB +
• Screen Size


  • your choice