RIPH

• History: is the study of past events, people, and societies. It involves analyzing, interpreting, and understanding the human experience from ancient times to the present.
• Importance of Studying History

  1. Understanding the Present
  2. Learning from Mistakes
  3. Promotes Critical Thinking
• Oral History: primary accounts and stories passed down through generations via word of mouth, offering unique perspectives on historical events.
• Written Records: documents, letters, and manuscripts created during the time period being studied, providing firsthand information about people, events, and cultures.
• Oral History:

  1. Preservation of Traditions
  2. Vivid Narratives
• Manuscripts: ancient handwritten documents, often in the form of scrolls or codices, offering direct insights into past societies and cultures.
• Inscriptions: carvings on stone, metal, or pottery, providing important details about rulers, events, and religious beliefs of historical civilizations.
• Excavations: discoveries of ancient artifacts, structures, and human remains, allowing for a deeper understanding of ancient cultures and societies.
• Stratigraphy: studying the layers of soil and geological deposits to trace the development and changes in human settlements and activities over time.
• Three Types of Historical Documents:

  1. Parchments
  2. Scroll
  3. Manuscripts
• Historia: learning by inquiry.
• Aristotle: looked upon history as the systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena.
• Factual History: presents readers the plain and basic information vis-a-vis the events that took place, the time and date with which the event happened, the place with which the events took place, and the people involved.
• Speculative History: goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened, and the way they happened.
• Historians: individuals who write about history.
• Historiography: the practice of historical writing, and the method in doing historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.
• Verisimilitude: the truth, authenticity, plausability
• Historical method: the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
• Historical Analysis: historians select the subject to investigate, collect probable resources of information on the subject, examine the genuineness, in part of in whole, and extract credible "particulars" from the sources.
• Historical Data: sourced form artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses of the past.
• Written Sources of History:

  1. Narrative or Literature
  2. Diplomatic Sources
  3. Social Documents
• Non-written Sources of History

  1. Material evidence
  2. Oral evidence
• Primary Sources: are original historical sources.
• Arechaeological Evidence: this is considered as material evidence\
• Diplomatic Sources: historians consider these sources as document/record and existing legal situation as the best source.
• Eschatocol: the third part of diplomatic source. The attestation of those responsible for the document, which may be the author, writer, countersigner, principal parties involved, and witnesses to the enactment or the subscription.
• Unwritten Sources: these historical sources are material by nature.
• Social Document: a product of record keeping of a bureau which contains information.
• Scientific Tract: is the historical tract typically composed to inform contemporaries or succeeding generations.
• Secondary Sources: these are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place.