Ancoats

• Impacts of industrialistion and urbanisation on ancoats

  The first steam powered mill in ancoats was ancoats bridge mill which opened in 1791. By 1816 there were 86 steam powered mills. Population was 84000 in 1801 and by 1851 it was 319000.
• Cottonopolis


  One of the worlds largest producers of textile. manchesters cotton buisness thrived during the Industrial Revolution
• Industrial growth 


  Ancoats described as the worlds first industrial suburb. By 1842 the average age of a labourer living in Ancoats was 17. the conditions that the workers were forced to live in was in stark contrast to the middle class factory owners and managers. Owen Chadwick was horrified at the conditions they found in the Ancoats. anacoats was given two MPs
• Cotton industry 


  After 1779 Samuel cromptons mule became an extremely popular machine to replace Arkwrights as it produced superior quality cloth. it could be powered by a Boulton Watt steam engine 1781 . this was cheap to but into And Meant a textiles mill no longer had to be situated next rivers
• The development of canals

  Lead to population density. textiles mills began to happen faster and on a larger sacale So more workers were needed. transport by canals. People needed to collect goods. finished producta could be easily transported
• the building of textile mills

  More workers in the factories. The old mill employed 1,300 people. Population rose from 11,038 in 1801 to 55,983 by 1861. One of the most densely populated places in Britain
• Irish immigrants


  Tended to do the less paid, more dangerous jobs and could only get accommodation in the worst kind of housing
• By the end of 1840s there were 4000 Irish people living in Ancoats in less than 200 houses
• As a result of the high population density of Irish immigrants

  Disease was more prevalent among the Irish community and added to the prejudice they faced
• Dr. John Kay: 'In 1836 published a report blaming the high levels of disease in 'little ireland' on the Irish being too lazy and drunk all of the time'
• Italian immigrants 


  Some became successful business men like the Ronchettis and Casartellis, who became opticians and instrument makers.
• Housing 


  Factory owners did not provide housing for their workers. Housing was most commonly two or thEEE storey brick terraced houses one room deep built back to back along narrow streets. walls were often one brick thick
• Sewage


  The streets filled with poorly built houses had no drains or sewers. privies shared between 30 families.
• Water supply 


  In 1847 only 11000 of the 47000 houses in Manchester had a piped water supply. The rest used shared taps in the street. this water was polluted. The Manchester board of health found 55% of houses had no plumbing and 56% of streets were never cleaned
• Overcrowding


  In 1851 Ancoats was the most densely populated place in britain with 350 per acre. 56000 in 1861. Pressure on housing started to ease in the 1870s as workers could live further away and travel to work on improved public transport. people were also being paid more
• What were the medical facilities like in Manchester before the Industrial Revolution

  Manchester royal infirmary opened in 1752. paid for by charity it was only designed to cope with the healthcare of a small town
• what changes were made to the Manchester royal infirmary

  dispensary were expanded. Added a house of recovery for typhus fever patient. funded by charity not the government. Outbreaks of tb caused strain on the hospital
• To what extent was chloera a major problem for Manchester

  In 1832 1325 members on Manchester caught cholera and 675 died. Death rate from disease was worse than the rest of the country. in 1849 to 1851 death rate was 35% per 1000 compared to 22% per 1000 somewhere else
• How were the Irish community linked to the cholera outbreak

  They were named for spreading it As the Irish could only get the worst jobs in the worst conditions so they were much more likely to get It. Irish we’re treated as scapegoats. the Irish believed doctors were killing peoples not cholera. they attacked hospitals
• What attempts were introduced to deal with cholera

  Emergency hospitals were set up. ineffective campaigns promoted staying clean and avoiding alcohol. Middle class were treated at home. Working class were treated in temporary hospitals
• What new problems existed as a result of industrialisation and urbanisation

  Typhus fever. People believed it was caused by nests of fever. humid and damp condition. however it was caused by a bacteria spread by bodily lice
• What were the dispersaries like in ancoats


  Expanded to include service to help patients at home. Doctors had little or no pay. no beds for in patients. did not become a professional hospital until 1879. Treated 13000 patients in the first 5 years.
• James Phillips Kay 


  A doctor working in Ancoats dispensary who was concerned about living conditions and the growth of cholera.
• What did James Phillips Kay do

  Published a report called the moral and physical condition of the working class employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester. He blamed overcrowding. Co founder of the Manchester statistical society. Kay was one of the originators of concerns about the health of the poor.
• Edwin chadwick


  A social reformer who grew up in Manchester. He was interested in the role that disease played in causing poverty and was concerned about living conditions. He was the head of the clean party and put constant pressure on the government at a time when people were resistant to change
• Edwin Chadwick


  • Observed workhouses
  • Collected information from doctors like Richard Baron Howard
  • Came up with the conclusion of better ventilation and sewage would solve the problems causing disease
• The poor law commissioners reported 57% of working class children were dying by the age of five
• Chadwick's 1842 report


  The sanitary conditions of the labouring population
• Public Health Act passed

  1848
• The 1848 Public Health Act


  Marked a turning point and saw the beginning of the government turning away from laissez faire
• The 1848 Public Health Act allowed councils to take up the suggested improvements if they wished
• Doctor John Leigh


  A doctor concerned about the growth of cholera in the ancoats district
• Doctor John thresh


  A doctor who was concerned about the living conditions in the Ancoats area
• What did doctor John Leigh do

  He wrote a book called a history of cholera in Manchester In hope that a cause of the disease could be identified and dealt with.
• What did doctor John thresh do?

  he created a report in 1889 showing that Ancoats had the second highest rate of infant mortality in the city, which she blamed on poor housing conditions. The death rate amongst the general population of Ancoats in 1889, according to thresh was 31.9 per 1000 compared to 21.8 per 1000 in Whitechapel London. this led to houses in Ancoats, each been provided with fresh water via a tap in the house, and a flushing toilet in the backyard.
• Friedrich Engels


  He was a German social investigator who was concerned about living conditions for the poor. He had to come to Manchester to work at a male owned by his family and spent a lot of time visiting working-class communities.
• Friedrich Engels


  Estimated that mortality rates from infectious disease in Manchester were four times higher than nearby rural areas and significantly higher than they were nationally
• Engels blamed this on the appalling conditions at work and where people lived, as well as their exploitation by the factory owners
• Engels published his observations in his book, 'The Condition of the Working-Class in England'

  1845
• Engels' book was very influential in the public debate about public health reform and the condition of England question