ethical issues

• deception

  lying to participants by withholding certain information during the study
• solution to deception

  debrief all participants by letting them know the true nature of the aim

  they should also be given the right to choose to withhold or withdraw their data
• informed consent


  participants deciding if they want to participate after being told the aim and potential risks of the investigation
• solution to informed consent - retrospective


  participants are asked for consent after they have participated in study
• solution for informed consent - presumptive consent


  researcher gathers opinions from a group like the participants in the study but does not inform the actual participants - eliminates demand characteristics
• right of privacy


  participants have the right to control how much information about them is used and released
• solution to right of privacy and confidentiality - maintain anonymity


  researchers don't record any personal details of their participants so that the data can't be traced back to them
• confidentiality


  the right participants have which concerns any personal data of theirs being protected
• protection of harm

  participants must be protected from physical and psychological harm, they have the right to withdraw if the study is causing them harm
• solution of protection from harm

  researcher should provide counselling if it is required or can carry out a cost benefit analysis where an ethics committee determines whether a study is ethical by weighing up pros and cons