Essay

• ATP is important as it is found in spindle fibres, which allow B cells to divide into plasma cells which are needed to make antibodies
• ATP is important to join amino acids together to make proteins e.g enzymes in protein synthesis
• ATP is needed to carry out exocytosis, for example neurotransmitters into the synapse to depolarise the membrane
• ATP is needed for the phosphorylation of enzymes, for example inactive kinase to active kinase in the secondary messenger model
• ATP is used by myosin heads to pull actin filaments towards them during muscle contraction
• ATP is needed for muscle contraction as it is needed to break cross-bridges to allow relaxation in sliding filament, allowing contraction in muscles such as the diaphragm, relaxation leads to high pressure in thorax, maintaining a oxygen gradient for efficient gas exchange. Oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor, generating more ATP.
• The importance of responses to your internal and external environment

  • Kidney osmoregulation - Internal
  • Blood glucose control- Internal
  • IAA and plant responses- External
  • Response to co2 by the heart- Internal
  • Taxis and Kineses- External
• The importance of energy transfers between and within organisms

  • Light dependent- Photons excite electrons and move down ETC releasing energy to make ATP (chemiosmosis) which is needed in light independent
  • Phosphorylation in respiration- Bond chemical energy in glucose broken via oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP
  • Sliding filament theory- Chemical energy from ATP used to break cross bridges
  • Energy transfer e.g food chain, plants convert light energy to chemical
  • Chemical energy from ATP changes shape of carriers using kinetic energy
• The importance of the control of processes in organisms

  • Spindle fibres control process of mitosis if they do not work chromosome cell death can occur to prevent genetic abnormalities or an unequal distribution of genetic material occurs
  • Transcription factors control process of transcription e.g transcription of oncogenes prevents uncontrolled cell division
  • Blood glucose control
  • ADH controlling water potential
  • Refractory period controls frequency of action potentials to prevent constant depolarisation which can deplete stored energy and body can no longer function
• Glucose is a respiratory substrate
• DNA polymerase is important during semi conservative replication which is needed in S phase of mitosis -> B cells to plasma cells 
• The importance of receptors

  • Receptors on liver cells for blood glucose
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Osmoreceptors
• The importance of water and the regulation of water content

  • ADH
  • Metabolite
  • High specific heat capacity
  • Large latent heat of vaporisation
  • Cohesive
• The importance of negative feedback

  • Blood glucose
  • Water potential in blood
  • Temperature
  • Action potentials
• The importance of nucleotides and molecules from nucleotides

  • ATP
  • Enzymes
  • tRNA
  • cAMP
  • Nucleic acids
• The importance of proteins and their structure on control of processes

  • Transcription factors
  • Enzymes
  • Channel proteins
  • Structural proteins
  • Antibodies
  • Spindle fibres
• The importance of carbon containing substances

  • Glycogen
  • DNA
  • ATP
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
• The importance of nitrogen containing substances

  • DNA
  • ATP
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Transport proteins
• The importance of polymers in biology

  • Proteins e.g enzymes
  • Glycogen (Carb)
  • Phospholipids (Lipid)
  • Nucleic acids
• The importance of using DNA in science and technology

  -Genetic engineering (PCR)

  -Genetic engineering (use of recombinant DNA)

  -Cell cycle and treatment of cancer

  -Gene therapy

  -DNA and classification (differences leading to genetic diversity, comparison of base sequences)