Body system and movemnt

• Skeletal system


  The system of bones that provides structure, support, and movement to the body
• Major bones involved in movement

  • Clavicle (collar bone)
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (wrist and fingers)
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Femur (thighbone)
  • Patella (kneecap)
  • Tibia (shinbone)
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges (foot)
• Clavicle


  Provides attachment between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, giving greater mobility to the shoulder joint
• Scapula


  A large, triangular flat bone that allows the arm to attach to the trunk portion of the skeleton, with many muscles involved in movement attaching to this bone
• Humerus


  The major long bone in the upper arm joining the shoulder to the elbow, able to move in most directions and even rotate within the shoulder joint
• Radius and Ulna


  The long bones of the forearm, working together to provide structure and allow rotation of the palm of the hand
• Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

  The bones of the wrist and fingers, providing structure to the hand and allowing fine motor movements
• Pelvic girdle


  Comprises a number of bones and provides the base of support for the weight of the upper body, allowing attachment of the lower limbs and muscles
• Femur


  The longest and strongest bone in the body, covered by large muscles that enable many movements of the lower body
• Patella


  A small, flat triangular bone whose main role is to provide protection to the knee

  
• Tibia and Fibula


  The two long bones of the lower leg, providing support and stability while allowing slight rotation from the knee joint
• Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges


  The bones of the foot, working as a unit to provide a structure that enables leg movements
• Joint


  A junction of two or more bones, commonly referred to as an articulation
• Types of joints


  • Immovable or fibrous
  • Slightly movable or cartilaginous
  • Freely movable or synovial
• Immovable or fibrous joint


  A joint where no movement is possible, such as the bones of the cranium fused in sutures
• Slightly movable or cartilaginous joint

  A joint that permits limited movement, such as the vertebral column where fibrous cartilage between discs allows a limited range of movement
• Freely movable or synovial joint


  A joint that allows maximum movement, such as the hip joint
• Ligaments


  Well-defined, fibrous bands that connect the articulating bones, assisting the joint capsule to maintain stability and control the degree and direction of movement
• Tendons


  Tough, inelastic cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone, further strengthening joints
• Synovial fluid


  Acts as a lubricant, keeping the joint well oiled and the moving surfaces apart, also providing nutrition for the cartilage and carrying away waste products
• Hyaline cartilage


  A smooth, shiny cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones, allowing them to move freely over each other
• Articulating surfaces of bones

  Covered with a layer of smooth, shiny cartilage that allows the bones to move freely over each other
• Flexion


  Decrease in the angle of the joint
• Extension


  Increase in the angle of the joint
• Abduction


  Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  Movement of a body part back towards the midline of the body
• Circumduction


  Movement of the end of the bone in a circular motion
• Rotation


  Movement of a body part around a central axis
• Pronation


  Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves in towards the body
• Supination


  Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves away from the body
• Eversion


  Movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline
• Inversion


  Movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline
• Dorsi flexion


  Decrease in the angle of the joint between the foot and lower leg
• Plantar flexion


  Increase in the angle of the joint between the foot and the lower leg
• Elevation


  Movement of the shoulders towards the head
• Depression


  Movement of the shoulders away from the head
• There are more than 600 muscles in the body and they are all attached to bones
• Muscle contraction


  Muscles shorten, causing joint movement, then relax as opposing muscles pull the joint back into position
• Origin


  The attachment of the muscle, usually by a tendon at the movable end, which tends to be away from the body's main mass
• Insertion


  The attachment of the muscle, usually by a tendon at the movable end, which tends to be away from the body's main mass