Eukaryotic cell structure

• Nucleus

  nuclear envelope (double membrane), nuclear pores, nucleoplasm (granular jelly like material), chromosomes (protein bond linear DNA), nucleolus (rRNA and ribosome production)

  site of dna replication and transcriptions, contains genetic code for each cell
• Edoplasmic reticulum

  rough (ribosomes on out side) and smooth, both have folded membrane called cisternae

  RER- protein synthesis, SER- synthesis and store lipids and carbohydrates
• Golgi apparatus and vesicles

  folded membranes making cisternae, secretary vesicles pinch off from cisternae.

  add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbs, transport modify and store lipids, form lysosomes

  finished products are transported to cell membrane in Golgi vesicles where they fuse with membrane and contents is released.
• Lysosomes

  bag of digestive enzymes 

  hydrolyse phagocytic cells, break down dead cells (autolysis), exocytosis (release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material)

  digest and reuse material of worn out organelles
• Mitochondria

  double membrane, inner is cristae, fluid centre called mitochondrial matrix, loop of mitochondrial DNA

  aerobic respiration, atp production, DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
• Ribosomes

  small, made up of 2 sub units of protein and rRNA

  protein synthesis
• Vacuole

  filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called tonoplast

  make cells turgid for support, temporary store of sugars and amino acids, pigments may colour petals to attract pollinators 
• Chloroplasts

  double membrane,thylakoids, fluid filled stroma has enzymes for photosynthesis, in plants

  site of photosynthesis 
• Cell wall

  plants- made of microfibrils of cellulose polymer, fungi- made of chitin (nitrogen containing polysaccharide)

  provide structural strength to the cell
• Plasma membrane

  in all cells, phospholipid bilayer- proteins embed within and attached on outside

  controls the entrance and exit of molecules