Bio paper 1

• aerobic respiration


  an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells
• exothermic reaction


  a reaction that transfers energy to the environment
• glycogen


  carbohydrate store in animals
• lactic acid


  the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
• oxygen debt


  the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid
• Mitochondria


  Organelle that is the site of respiration
• Responses to exercise


  Heart rate increases, Breathing rate increases, glycogen in muscles is converted to glucose
• glucose


  a simple sugar
• photosynthesis


  the process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light
• Reactants for photosynthesis


  water and carbon dioxide
• Products of photosynthesis


  glucose and oxygen
• Chloroplast


  Site of photosynthesis
• white blood cells


  Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
• Sperm cells


  It has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim. There are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed. It also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane.
• light


  energy source for photosynthesis
• aorta


  the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

  
• arteries


  blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse
• atria


  the upper chambers of the heart

  
• capillaries


  the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick
• coronary arteries


  the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• epidermal


  the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism
• guard cells


  surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

  
• haemoglobin


  the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells
• palisade mesophyll


  the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

  
• phloem


  the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

  
• plasma


  the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body
• platelets


  fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood
• pulmonary artery


  the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
• pulmonary vein


  the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart
• red blood cells


  biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

  
• spongy mesophyll


  the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases

  
• translocation


  the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem
• veins


  blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
• vena cava


  the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

  
• ventricles


  chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

  
• xylem


  the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

  
• active site


  the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind
• amino acids


  building blocks of proteins
• amylase


  enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars
• bile


  neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme