OCR A LEVEL PE Paper 1

• Ligaments


  Connects bone to bone and stabilizes joints during movement
• Ball and socket


  Located at the shoulder and hip, allows for bone to bone connection and produces all movement
• Long bones


  Act as a lever allowing for movement to occur, e.g., humerus and femur
• Synovial Fluid


  Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
• Short bones


  Used for weight bearing and reduce friction, e.g., carpal and tarsal bones
• Hinge Joints


  Located at the knee and elbow, can produce flexion, extension, and the ankle can produce dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
• Pivot Joint


  Located at the neck (atlas and axis) and provides rotation
• Articular Cartilage


  Absorbs shock, allows friction-free movement
• Flat bones


  Used for protection, e.g., ribs and scapula
• Bursa


  Reduces friction between tendons and bones, provides protection and muscle connection
• Condyloid Joint


  Located at the wrist, provides flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
• Flexion


  The angle at the joint decreases, occurs at hinge, ball and socket, and condyloid joints, happens in the sagittal plane
• Abduction


  The movement of a joint away from the midline of the body, occurs at the ball and socket joint, happens in the frontal plane
• Adduction


  The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body, occurs at ball and socket joints, happens in the frontal plane
• Dorsi Flexion


  Occurs at the ankle joint allowing for the foot to move up towards the shin, happens in the sagittal plane
• Plantar Flexion


  Occurs at the ankle joint allowing for the foot to move towards the ground, happens in the sagittal plane
• Horizontal extension


  Moving arm at shoulder away from midline parallel to ground
• Horizontal flexion


  Moving arm at shoulder towards the midline parallel to the ground
• Rotation


  Movement around the longitudinal axis
• Isotonic Contraction


  Muscle changes length under tension, includes concentric and eccentric contractions
• Isometric Contraction


  Muscle does not change length under tension, no movement is created
• Agonist


  A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint - prime mover
• Antagonist


  A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for coordinated movement
• Fixator


  A muscle that stabilizes one part of a body while another part moves, providing a resistance for coordinated movement
• AV Node


  Collects and delays impulse by 0.1 seconds to allow atria contraction
• Bundle of HIS


  Located in the septum, splits impulse to each ventricle
• Bundle Branches


  Carry impulse to base of ventricles
• Purkinje Fibres


  Distribute impulse through ventricles, causing contraction
• Diastole


  Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
• Systole


  Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
• Atrial Systole


  Atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles
• Total Diastole


  Atria and ventricles relax, lower pressure in the heart
• Ventricular Systole


  Ventricles contract, pushing blood into large arteries
• AV Valves


  Open to allow blood flow from atria to ventricles, then close
• Semilunar Valves


  Open to allow blood to be pushed out of ventricles into large arteries, then close
• Heart Rate


  The number of times the heart beats per minute
• Stroke Volume


  The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
• Cardiac Output


  The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
• Frank Starling Mechanism


  Increase in venous return leads to an increase in stroke volume
• Neural Control Receptors


  Proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors