Structure and properties

• 3 states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas
• in solids, particles have a regular arrangement, the particles are very close together and they vibrate about a fixed position.
• In liquids, particles have a random arrangement, are close together and flow around each other
• In gases, particles have a random arrangement, are much further apart and move very quickly In all directions
• when a substance changes from solid to liquid or gas, it absorbs energy (heat) so that the particles can gain enough energy to break free from their neighbours
• A pure substance will melt and freeze at a fixed temperature - the melting point
• A pure substance will boil and condense at a fixed temperature - the boiling point
• The higher the melting/boiling point of a compound, the stronger its intermolecular forces of attraction
• the lower the melting/boiling point of a compound, the weaker its intermolecular forces of attraction
• The particle models don’t always show the forces between particles, volume or space between particles
• Aqueous means dissolved in water
• Ions are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, giving them an overall charge
• Pure metals have a regular arrangement
• Pure metals have layers that can slide over each other easily, meaning they can be bent and shaped easily
• Properties of aluminium


  • corrosive resistant
  • ductile
  • malleable
  • good conductivity
  • low density
• Properties of copper

  • ductile
  • malleable
  • good conductor
• Properties of gold

  • ductile
  • shiny
  • good conductor
• An alloy is a mixture that contains a metal and at least one other element
• Alloys are stronger than pure metals
• Steel is a useful alloy made from iron
• Pure copper, gold and aluminium are too soft for many uses. So they get mixed with similar metals to make them harder for everyday use
• Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin
• Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc
• properties of diamond

  • Carbon
  • giant lattice
  • high melting point
• Properties of graphite

  • Carbon
  • giant covalent structure
  • high melting point
  • hexagonal structure
  • weak intermolecular forces
  • conduct electricity and heat
• Graphene is a form of carbon
• Fullerenes properties

  • hollow shape
  • hexagonal rings of carbon
• Fullerenes uses

  • delivering drugs to body
  • Lubricants
  • catalysts
  • reinforcing metals
• Polymers

  • Large molecules
  • strong covalent bonds
  • strong intermolecular forces
  • solid at room temperature
• Nano particles

  • Form nanostructures
  • used in sun creams
  • so small they could cause damage
• Nanoparticles is a science-based technology that uses nanotechnology to create new products and processes.