quiz gned

• Socrates


  • Every man is composed of body and soul
  • Soul is the intellectual and moral personality of human
  • To know yourself - to bring his inner self to life
  • "the man who does not follow good fails to do so because he does not recognize it"
  • VIRTUE is the deepest and most basic propensity of man
  • SELF-KNOWLEDGE is a source of all wisdom
• Plato


  • Man is also a double nature of body and soul
  • Three components of the soul: rational soul, spirit, and repetitive soul
  • Man - omniscient or all knowing
  • Contemplation - allows man to regain perfections
  • Happiness - fruit of virtue; attained by constant imitation of the divine exemplar of virtue
• Plato's theory of the tripartite soul can be found in his work "The Republic". Reason (logos) - rational part of the soul that enables us to think, reflect, and make decisions based on logic and evidence. Spirit (thumos) - spirited or emotional part of the soul that drives our desires, passions, and ambitions. Appetite (epithumia) - instinctual or appetitive part of the soul that is responsible for our basic needs and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
• St. Augustine


  • Man is of a bifurcated nature
  • It is by the illumination of God, by "divine light", that we can knowledge
  • "only some divinity can show man what is true"
• Augustine's philosophy emphasized the importance of faith and the divine, and he believed in the existence of an absolute, objective truth that transcends human reason. His ideas on free will and predestination continue to be debated by philosophers and theologians today.
• St. Thomas Aquinas


  • Man is composed of matter and form
  • Theory of self-knowledge- all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world
  • Our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences of objects in our environments
• Aquinas is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and theology, and his ideas continue to influence philosophy, theology, and ethics today. He was canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church in 1323.
• Rene Descartes


  Man is actually a thinking entity distinct from the body
• Descartes is often called the "father of modern philosophy" due to his role in the development of modern Western philosophy. He is known for his method of doubt, which involves doubting all previous knowledge and building a new foundation of knowledge based on reason and deduction. His philosophy emphasized the importance of the individual and the power of the mind.
• David Hume


  • Man has no clear and intelligible idea of the self
  • Self- bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed each other
  • Impressions- basic objects of our experience or sensation
  • Ideas - copies of impressions
  • Three Laws of Association: Resemblance, Contiguity in time or place, Cause and effect
• Immanuel Kant


  Man is the only creature who governs and directs himself and his actions
• Gilbert Ryle


  The "self" is not an entity one can locate and analyze, but simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all behaviors that people make
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty


  • The division between the mind and the body is a product of confused thinking
  • The mind and the body are so intertwined that they could not be separated from one another
• The self


  • SEPARATE - distinct from other selves, UNIQUE and has its own identity
  • SELF-CONTAINED and INDEPENDENT - can exist in itself, with its own thoughts, characteristics, and volition
  • CONSISTENT - a particular self's characteristics, tendencies, and potentialities are more or less the same
  • UNITARY - the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person
  • PRIVATE - each person sorts out information, feelings, emotions, and thought processes within the self, which is never accessible to anyone but the self
• The self (social constructionist perspective)


  The self is ever-changing and dynamic, allowing external influences to contribute to mold the self
• The self and culture

  • Moi - a person's sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness
  • Personne - the social concepts of what it means to be who he is
  • Language is a salient part of culture and has a tremendous effect in our crafting of the self
  • If a self is born into a particular society or culture, the self will have to adjust according to its exposure
• William James


  Self = I + Me

  I - thinking, acting, feeling

  Me - physical characteristics and psychological capabilities

  "I" represents our subjective sense of ourselves as agents who act and make choices in the world

  "Me" represents our sense of ourselves as objects in the world, shaped by our experiences and social interactions
• Carl Rogers


  Theory of Personality
• Language


  A salient part of culture that has a tremendous effect in our crafting of the self
• If a self is born into a particular society or culture, the self will have to adjust according to its exposure
• I (self)


  The thinking, acting, feeling self
• Me (self)


  The physical characteristics and psychological capabilities of the self
• William James' concept of self


  • I - the subjective, active self
  • Me - the objective, known self
• Carl Rogers' theory of personality


  • I - the one who acts and decides
  • Me - what you think or feel about yourself as an object
• Self-concept


  • An important aspect of personality that plays a significant role in behavior and life choices
  • Individuals have a natural tendency towards self-actualization
• Id


  Operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of basic drives
• Ego


  The rational and conscious part of the mind that operates on the reality principle
• Superego


  The moral and ethical standards of society, as well as the individual's internalized values and ideals
• Sigmund Freud's theory of the self

  • Id, Ego, and Superego
• George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism

  • Self is created and developed through human interaction
  • Self and identity are social products
• Private self


  Our internal standards and private thoughts and feelings
• Public self


  Our public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of ourselves to others
• Actual self


  Who we are at the moment
• Ideal self


  Who you like to be
• Ought self


  Who you think you should be
• Self-awareness


  • Awareness of our self-concepts, including private self, public self, actual self, ideal self, and ought self
• Positive self-awareness


  Awareness of our positive qualities and strengths
• Negative self-awareness


  Awareness of our negative qualities and weaknesses
• Social comparison theory


  • We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, and our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people
  • Downward social comparison - creating a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are worse off
  • Upward social comparison - comparing ourselves with those who are better off
• Self-evaluation maintenance theory


  • We can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us
  • We may distance ourselves, redefine the relationship, reconsider the importance of the aspect, or strengthen our resolve to improve