HA Final Exam (6, 7, and 8)

• Pericardium


  A double sac of serous membrane that encloses the heart: visceral pericardium or epicardium and the parietal pericardium
• Layers of the Heart Wall

  • Outer epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
• Epicardium


  The innermost layer of the pericardium, is the outermost layer of the heart itself; it is composed of mesothelial cells, fat, and connective tissue
• Myocardium


  The muscle that forms the walls of the heart; the myocardium contracts as the heart beats
• Endocardium


  The inner layer of the heart that lines the chambers and extends over projecting structures such as the valves, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles
• Hollow Chambers or Cavities


  • Superior atria/ left and right atrium
  • Inferior ventricles/ left and right ventricle
• Superior atria/ left and right atrium


  “receiving chambers”; The two upper chambers that pump blood to the two lower ventricles
• Inferior ventricles/ left and right ventricle


  Discharging chambers; actual pumps of the heart
• Great Vessels


  • Superior and inferior venae cavae
  • Pulmonary artery or trunk
  • Four Pulmonary veins (left and right)
  • Aorta
• Superior and inferior venae cavae


  It delivers oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium
• Pulmonary artery or trunk


  It delivers oxygen-poor blood pumped by the right ventricle into the lungs
• Four Pulmonary veins (left and right)


  It delivers blood oxygenated by the lungs into the left atrium
• Aorta


  It delivers oxygenated blood pumped by the left side (left ventricle) of the heart
• Four Valves of the Heart

  • Atrioventricular or AV valves
  • Semilunar valve
• Bicuspid valve or mitral valve


  The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps
• Tricuspid valve


  Controls the flow of blood from your heart's right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber)
• Aortic valve


  One of four heart valves and is the final one encountered by oxygenated blood as it leaves the heart; it prevents the reentry of blood into the left ventricle after pumping
• Pulmonary valve


  Controls the flow of oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs; it prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle after it pumps
• Atrioventricular or AV valves


  Located between the atria and ventricles on each side; prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
• Semilunar valve


  Guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers. This prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart
• Cardiac Circulation

  • Right and left coronary arteries
  • Coronary sinus
• Right and left coronary arteries


  It provides oxygenated blood into the heart
• Coronary sinus


  It delivers deoxygenated blood into the right atrium to be oxygenated again by the lungs
• Electrical Conduction System


  • Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)
  • Right and Left Bundle Branches
  • Purkinje Fibers
• Sinoatrial (SA) Node


  Located in the right atrium; It starts each heart beats, thus, it is also called the pacemaker
• Atrioventricular (AV) Node


  At the junction of the atria and ventricles; It delays briefly the impulse to give the atria time to finish contracting
• Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)


  Located in the interventricular septum; It causes the ventricle contraction that effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries leaving the heart
• Right and Left Bundle Branches


  Located in the interventricular septum; It causes the ventricle contraction that effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries leaving the heart; two branches
• Purkinje Fibers


  Located or scattered within the muscle of the ventricle walls; It causes the ventricle contraction that effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries leaving the heart
• Depolarization


  The exchange of ions that creates a positively charged intracellular space and negatively charged extracellular space
• Repolarization


  A state that follows depolarization wherein the exchange of ions reverts to its resting state
• Cardiac cycle


  Refers to the events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
• Systole


  The contraction phase of heart activity
• Diastole


  The relaxation phase of heart activity
• Heart Sounds


  "lub" and "dup"; The first sound (lub) is caused by the closing of the AV valves; The second heart sound (dup) occurs when the semilunar valves close at the end of the systole
• Cardiac Output


  The amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart. It is the product of heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
• Stroke volume


  The volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
• Auscultation Areas

  • Aortic area
  • Pulmonic area
  • Tricuspid area
  • Apical or Mitral area or Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI)
• First Heart Sounds (S1)


  Closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valve; Beginning of ventricular systole; Loudest at the apex and lower left sterna border; The first heart sound can usually be heard easily with both the bell and the diaphragm
• Second Heart Sound (S2)


  Closure of aortic valve and pulmonary valve; End of ventricular systole; Loudest at the base; For the second heart sound the diaphragm is used, with the stethoscope usually best placed at the base