Child and Adolescent Disorder

• below average intellectual functioning (IQ less than 70)accompanied by significant limitations in areas of adaptive functioning such as communication skills, self-care, home living, social or interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, academic skills, work, leisure, and health and safety

  Mental retardation
• Mild retardation: IQ 50 to 70

  Moderate retardation: IQ 35 to 50

  Severe retardation: IQ 20 to 35

  Profound retardation: IQ less than 20
• Causes of mental retardation

  • Tay-Sachs disease or fragile X chromosome syndrome
  • early alterations in embryonic development such as trisomy 21
  • maternal alcohol intake
  • fetal malnutrition
  • hypoxia
  • infections
  • trauma
  • lead poisoning
  • deprivation of nurturing
• Level of Functioning for Mental Retardation

  Mild: Can function well in society. Can learn academic skills comparable to those of a sixth grader and can be minimally self-supporting, although requiring special help at times of unusual stress

  Moderate: They can learn on a second-grade level. Provided with minimal supervision and guidance

  Severe: Do not learn to talk or to practice basic hygiene. Simple tasks are carried out with supervision

  Profound: Constant care is needed. Very Close supervision, cannot care for themselves
• is diagnosed when a child achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression is below that expected for age, formal education, and intelligence

  learning disorder
• Reading and written expression disorders usually are identified in the first grade; math disorders may go undetected until the child reaches fifth grade.
• are common in children with learning disorders

  Low self-esteem and poor social skills
• As adults, some have problems with __; others have minimal difficulties

  employment or social adjustment
• is impaired coordination severe enough to interfere with academic achievement or activities of daily living

  developmental coordination disorder
• is diagnosed when a communication deficit is severe enough to hinder development, academic achievement, or ADLs including socialization

  communication disorder
• involves an impaired ability to communicate through verbal and sign language. The child has difficulty learning new words and speaking in complete and correct sentences; his or her speech is limited.

  Expressive language disorder
• includes the problems of expressive language disorder along with difficulty understanding (receiving) and determining the meaning of words and sentences


  Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
• involves problems with articulation (forming sounds that are part of speech)

  phonologic disorder
• is a disturbance of the normal fluency and time patterning of speech.

  stuttering
• are characterized by pervasive and usually severe impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills, communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical behavioral patterns, this category is also called

  pervasive developmental disorder

  autism spectrum disorders
• the best known of the pervasive developmental disorders, is more prevalent in boys than in girls and is identified no later than 3 years of age

  autistic disorder
• children with autistic disorder display:


  • little eye contact
  • make a few facial expressions towards others
  • do not use gestures to communicate
  • lack of spontaneous enjoyment
  • no mood or emotional affect
• stereotyped motor behaviors in children with autistic disorder

  • head-banging
  • hand-flapping
  • body-twisting
• Pharmacologic treatment for symptoms such as temper tantrums, aggressiveness, self-injury, hyperactivity, and stereotypes behaviors

  • Haloperidol (haldol)
  • Risperidone (risperdal)
• Haloperidol (haldol) and Risperidone (risperdal) is a treatment for sx in children with autism


  temper tantrums, aggressiveness, self-injury, hyperactivity, and stereotypes behaviors
• is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by the development of multiple deficits after a period of normal functioning

  Rett's disorder
• Rett’s disorder develops between

  birth to 5 months of age.
• is characterized by marked regression in multiple areas of functioning after at least 2 years of apparently normal growth and development

  childhood integrative disorder
• Typical age of onset of childhood disintegrative disorder is

  3 to 4 years
• childhood disintegrative disorder is slightly more often in

  boys
• is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by the same impairments of social interaction and restricted, stereotyped behaviors seen in autistic disorder but there are no language or cognitive delays.

  Aspergers disorder
• difference of Aspergers and autistic disorder

  no language or cognitive delays in Asperger's
• is characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness.

  ADHD
• The essential feature of ADHD

  persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
• ADHD usually is identified and diagnosed when the child

  begins preschool or school
• In an infant, what are possible signs of ADHD

  often fussy and temperamental and have poor sleeping patterns
• In toddlers with ADHD, signs and symptoms are

  “always on the go” and “into everything,” sometimes dismantling toys and cribs; darting back and forth, jumping and climbing on furniture, running through the house, and cannot tolerate sedentary activities
• Adults whose ADHD was diagnosed in childhood also have higher rates of

  impulsivity, alcohol and drug use, legal troubles, and personality disorders.
• Risk factors for ADHD(give at least 5)

  
  

  family history of ADHD;

  male relatives with antisocial personality disorder or alcoholism

  ; female relatives with somatization disorder

  ; lower socioeconomic status

  ; male gender

  ; marital or family discord, including divorce, neglect, abuse, or parental deprivation

  ; low birthweight

  ; and various kinds of brain insult
• In ADHD, what are common medications used to treat impulsiveness, hyperactivity and improving attention?

  methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamine compound (Adderall)
• is characterized by persistent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents that significantly impairs their ability to function in social, academic, or occupational areas

  Conduct disorder
• symptoms of conduct disorder

  aggression to people and animals, serious violation of rules, destruction of property, deceitfulness and theft
• involves symptoms before 10 years of age including physical aggression toward others and disturbed peer relationships.

  Childhood-onset type
• defined by no behaviors of conduct disorder until after 10 years of age

  adolescent-onset type
• Mild Conduct Disorder


  causes minor harm to others: truancy, lying, staying out late without permission