BIOLOGY REVIEWER

• Biologist


  A person who asks questions concerning living things and answers these questions through scientific investigation
• An important discovery of biologists is that unity exists among all different forms of life. There is unity despite the diverse forms of life. Various life forms share similarities in structure and function
• Structure


  The arrangement or formation of the tissues, organs, or other parts of an organism
• Biology


  A branch of study that deals with living things and their life processes
• bio means life; logos means study
• Fields of Biology


  • Physical sciences
  • Biological sciences
• Physical sciences


  • Study of non-living matter
• Fields of Physical science

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Meteorology
  • Volcanology
  • Mineralogy
  • Astronomy
  • Geology
• Physics


  The study of matter and its behavior
• Chemistry


  The study of matter, its composition, and the changes that it undergoes
• Meteorology


  The study of atmospheric conditions
• Volcanology


  The study of volcanoes and their activity
• Mineralogy


  The study of minerals, their nature, properties, and distribution
• Astronomy


  The study of heavenly bodies
• Geology


  The study of the earth's surface, rocks, and minerals
• Fields of Biological science

  • Botany
  • Zoology
• Subdivisions of the study of plants and animals

  • Morphology
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Cytology
  • Histology
  • Embryology
  • Ecology
  • Taxonomy
  • Genetics
  • Evolution
  • Paleontology
  • Microbiology
• Fields of Microbiology


  • Bacteriology
  • Virology
  • Protozoology
• Biochemistry


  The study of the chemistry of living things
• Biogeography


  The study of distribution of plants and animals on earth
• Agriculture


  The science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth
• Bioengineering or biological engineering


  An engineering discipline that deals with biomolecular and molecular processes, product design, and sustainability and analysis of biological system
• Chronology


  A science that studies time related phenomena in living organisms
• Conservation biology


  Concerned with the studies and schemes of habitat preservation and species protection for the purpose of alleviating extinction crisis and conserving biodiversity
• Developmental biology


  The study of the processes by which an organism develops from a zygote to its full structure
• NATURAL SCIENCE - deals with the study of nature. It is subdivided into two major fields: physical and biological sciences.
• Entomology - the study of insects (entomon, insects) Helmintology - the study of worms (helmis, worms)

  Ichthyology - the study of fishes (ichthys, fishes)

  Ornithology - the study of birds (ornis, birds)

  Mammalogy - the study of mammals (mamma, breast)

  Conchology - the study of shells (concha, mussel)

  Anthropology - the study of man (anthropo, human being)

  Parasitology - the study of organisms that live and subsist on (ectoparasite) or in (endoparasite) other organisms

  Primatology - the science that deals with primates

  Mycology - the study of fungi
• Biological investigations can be traced as far back as ancient times (500 B.C.)
• The early Greeks based their beliefs on nature and different gods
• If something good happened in their surroundings

  They took it as a sign that the gods were pleased
• If something bad occurred

  The gods were angry
• Aristotle


  Considered the Father of Biology, one of the greatest natural philosophers who lived in the Golden Age of Greece
• Natural philosophers


  • People who study nature and the physical universe, believed to be the first to perform investigations to find answers to a vast range of inquiries
  • They believed that one must understand and be able to logically explain the puzzles about life and nature, which is basically the same principle that guides modern scientists
• Natural philosophers sought to explain the activities of organisms, they took organisms apart and studied their structures
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) studied the hearts and brains of animals, and correlated the functions of the heart and the brain to human emotions
• Galen (A.D. 129-200)


  An ancient Greek philosopher, a famous physician and anatomist who obtained his knowledge on anatomy from the dissection of animals, with the Barbary ape as his best model
• Galen employed the four-element theory (earth, water, air, and fire) as well as the theories of the contraries (dry, wet, cold, and hot), and stated that animal bodies are an unequal mixture of dry, wet, cold, and hot-an elaboration of Hippocrates' Pythagorean concept of the life elements-earth, water, air, and fire, as making up the cosmos
• Galen's position


  Leading authority in medical theory for at least fourteen hundred years
• Andreas (Andres) Vesalius


  Famous Belgian anatomist and physician, recognized as the founder of modern anatomy
• Vesalius' methods


  1. Studied medicine and dissected corpses himself instead of relying on assistants when he became a lecturer in surgery

  2. Wrote the anatomy book De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri System (on the Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body)

  3. Revolutionized anatomical practice by establishing an accurate reference between the dissected body, the text of reference, and the illustrations