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• Scalar quantities


  Physical quantities that are fully described using the magnitude(number) and unit
• Vector quantities


  Physical quantities that are described using the magnitude, unit, and direction
• Instantaneous speed


  Describes how fast an object is moving at any instant in the object's motion
• Instantaneous speed of the object


  Changes as it speeds up or slow down
• Instantaneous velocity


  The vector form of instantaneous speed
• Instantaneous velocity of an object

  Changes as it speeds up, slows down, or changes in direction
• Velocity


  Tells how fast an object is moving in a certain direction
• Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity
• Constant speed


  The object neither speeds up nor slows down, is moving in a straight path, without changing its direction, and is not accelerating
• Uniform Acceleration


  When a body is in uniform acceleration, its velocity increases or decreases at a constant amount for a given time interval
• Non-Uniform Acceleration


  The velocity changes in different amounts for a given time interval
• The Nature of Waves


  Waves radiate from a disturbance and can travel through solid, liquid, and gas, and some waves can even travel through empty space or vacuum
• Classification of Waves

  • According to the direction of its motion
  • According to its need for medium of propagation
• Transverse waves


  The vibration of the particles in the string moves up and down which is perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion, the crest is the highest point and the trough is the lowest point
• Longitudinal waves


  Waves where the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave motion, the movement is parallel to the direction of the wave motion, sound is an example
•  

  Everyday Examples of Sound Energy

  • an air conditioning fan.
  • an airplane taking off.
  • a ballerina dancing in toe shoes.
  • a balloon popping.
  • the bell dinging on a microwave.
• Sound energy travels as longitudinal waves that require a material medium such as solids, liquids, or gases to carry them along.
• How Do human produce sounds?

  vibration on your throat while talking and

  shouting is called vocal cords in the larynx

  this part is a small, tube – like structure

  located on top of your windpipe or trachea,

  which is the passageway of air going to your lungs
• How Do human Hear sounds?

  hearing is one of our senses and it is made

  possible by our ears

  the sound is gathered by the outer ear and

  travels toward the ear canal going to the

  eardrum

  eardrum vibrates as the sound waves reaches

  it these vibrations will pass through the middle

  ear bones going to the inner ear where the

  cochlea, a small shaped structure is connected
• Give 3 forms of sound

  • Inaudible sounds
  • Infrasonic sounds
  • ultrasonic sounds
• men have a vocal cord length of 20mm, whereas

  women have a shorter vocal cord of 15mm
• Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR)
• infrasonic sound - it is a form of low – frequency sound that human ears cannot detect
• ultrasonic sound - the higher frequency of inaudible which is more

  than 20 kHz
• 3 Common Properties of Sound

  • Loudness
  • Pitch
  • Quality
• these experiments showed that light exhibit properties such as:

  • interference
  • reflection
  • diffraction
• wave theory - associated with phenomena like light, considers that energy travels in the form of waves
• particle theory - associated with matter, considers that energy behaves as discrete particles, such as photons.
• Transmission of Light

  • Transparent
  • Translucent
  • Opaque
• Characteristics of Light

  • speed
  • intensity
  • wavelength
  • frequency
• 2 classification of waves

  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Mechanical waves