RESEARCH LESSON 12-13

• Observation


  is a technique of gathering of data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research. It lets you record what people exactly do and say in their everyday life on Earth.
• Observation


  through this data gathering technique, proofs to support your claims or conclusions about your topic are obtained in a natural setting. this technique is subjective in manner that makes it inferior to other techniques
• Participant Observation


  the observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the individual group being observed
• Non-participation or Structured Observation


  the observer is completely detach from the target of observation by just watching and listening to them do their own thing without participation in any of the activities
• TWO TYPES OF OBSERVATION

  Participant Observation and Non-participation or Structured Observation
• METHODS OF OBSERVATION


  Direct Observation and Indirect Observation
• Direct Observation


  This observation method makes you see or listen to everything that happens in the area of observation
• Indirect Observation


  this method is also called behavior archaeology because, here, you observe traces of past events to get information or a measure of behavior, trait, or quality of your subject
• METHODS OF INDIRECT OBSERVATION

  Continuous Monitoring (CM) or Spot Sampling
• Continuous Monitoring or CM

  • observation to evaluate the wat people deal with one another
  • common in data gathering technique in behavioral psychology
• Spot Sampling


  This was done first by behavioral psychologists in 1920 with a focus on researching the extent of children's nervous habits as they would go through their regular personal development in oral manner rather than in written way
• Interview


  is a data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subject or respondents questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for. This aims at knowing what the respondents think and feel about the topic of your research
• Interview

  • traditionally, occurs between you, the researcher, and your respondents in a face-to-face situation
  • you speak directly with your respondent, individually or collectively
• TYPES OF INTERVIEW

  Structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, and Semi-structured Interview
• Structured Interview


  an interview that requires the use of interview schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and only item from a set of alternative responses. you, the researcher, are completely pegged at the interview schedule or prepared list of questions
• Unstructured Interview


  type of interview where the respondents answer the questions based on what they personally think and feel about it. no suggested answers and they purely depend on the respondents' decision-making skills, giving the opportunity to think critically about the question
• Semi-structured Interview


  the result of the combination of the characteristics of structured and unstructured interview. you prepare a schedule or a list of questions that is accompanied by a list expressions from where the respondents can pick out the correct answer
• Semi-structured Interview


  flexible and organized type of interview
• APPROACHES OF INTERVIEW

  Individual Interview, Group Interview, and Mediated Interview
• Individual Interview


  only one respondent is interviewed (one-on-one), the reason is the lack of trust the interviewees have among themselves. time-consuming because you have to interview one-by-one
• Group Interview


  you ask the question not to one person, but to a group of people at the same time. this is often used in the field of business
• Focus Group Interview


  method of research involving a small group of people who are interviewed on a subject of interest to the researcher. (primary aim is to know people's food preferences and consumer opinions)
• Mediated Interview


  not a face-to-face interview for this takes place through electronic communication devices. non-verbal communication but is considered better because of the big number of respondents, capable of reaching despite the cost, distance, human disabilities affecting the interview
• Synchronous


  if you talk with the subjects and also find time to see each other
• Asynchronous


  if only two persons are interviewed at a different time
• STEPS IN CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW

  Step 1: Getting to Know Each Other

  Step 2: Having an Idea of the Research

  Step 3: Starting the Interview

  Step 4: Conducting the Interview Proper

  Step 5: Putting an End to the Interview
• Questionnaire


  is a paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and space in the paper where you write the answers to the questions
• Questionnaire


  this elicits factual or opinionated answers from the respondent's through the acts of checking one chosen answer from several options or of writing on a line provided for any opinionated answer
• TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

  Postal questionnaire and Self-administered questionnaire
• Postal Questionnaire


  this type of questionnaire goes to the respondents through postal service or electronic mail
• Self-administered Questionnaire


  makes you act as the interviewer and the interviewee at the same time, though phone you ask questions and then you will be writing the interviewee's answer on a piece of paper