history medicine

• individual geniuses from renaissance era were

  • Andreas Vesalius
  • William Harvey
  • Ambroise pare
  • Thomas sydenham
• Vesalius published a book called "On the Fabric of the Human Body" and he dissected human bodies to get a better idea of human anatomy
• William Harvey discovered that the blood circulated around the body in one direction
• ambroise pare developed surgical techniques such as ligature, cauterisation and amputation
• pare found better ways to seal wounds during surgery and prevent infection
• thomas sydenham wrote about diseases and their symptoms which helped doctors diagnose patients more accurately
• Robert koch discovered the bacteria that causes tuberculosis and anthrax
• koch showed that not all germs are the same
• James simpson discovered chloroform in 1847
• chloroform was used as anaesthetic because it made people unconscious so they didn't feel pain
• Joseph lister developed antiseptic surgery in and founded antiseptic medicine ( carbolic acid )
• Edward Jenner created the smallpox vaccine in 1796
• Edward jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox by observing cowpox in a milkmaid

  he learned that to prevent people from catching smallpox they had to be injected with cowpox
• people opposed to Edward Jenners work because doctors were earning an income from the inoculations and he couldn't explain how it worked
• after 1852 the government made it compulsory to have the vaccine

  after 1872 people were fined for not having their children vaccinated
• in 1840 cholera broke out in London, John Snow discovered that water pumps were contaminated with sewage which caused cholera
• John snow removed the handle on the pump and stopped the spread of cholera
• Edwin Chadwick- He was the first to publish a report on the state of the sanitary conditions in the country

  his report showed people living in cities had lower life expectancy than people in the countryside, cities had dirty living conditions and dirty water
• The first public health act (1848)- This allowed local councils to improve housing and drainage systems

  
  

  this was influenced by Edwin chadwicks report
• the great stink of 1858 was caused by the sewage system being overwhelmed and Joseph bazalgette was an engineer who built a network of new sewers

  • it removed waste
  • therefore reduced the risk of cholera spreading
• in 1875 the government introduced the second public health act
• the second public health made it compulsory for local councils to :

  • improve sewers and the removal of waste
  • provide clean water
  • appoint medical officers to inspect public health facilities
• this difference between the first (1848) and second (1875)public health acts was that the first one was voluntary and thesecond one was COMPLUSORY
• James simpson discovered chloroform in 1847
• aseptic surgery is the use of sterile techniques to prevent infection during surgery