literature/research

• Territory


  Being a Filipino, back then, was more of a geographic name than a united citizen of a nation
• Linguistic Identity


  Spanish called natives Indios. Natives call themselves based on where they are geographically located, like Cebuanos of Cebu and Tagalog of Manila
• The Philippine islands are scattered, so was our unity
• With heroes like Emilio Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio, who also led revolutions against the Spanish regime


  Why Rizal?
• This is what makes Rizal the First Filipino. He was first in uniting the Philippines
• Violence


  Aguinaldo executed Bonifacio. Supremo's ideals were pushed in a war-like manner. (cedula) We would not want our first Filipino to be a model of violence
• Victim and Values


  • Rizal's prosecution
  • His works and ideals were able to penetrate not just Filipino hearts but also the world
• Rizal: '"Beautiful and great is the country when her sons, at the call to battle, make ready to defend the ancient land of their ancestors,"'
• Rizal is the best example of a First Filipino
• The First Filipino A Biography of Dr. Jose P. Rizal


  The biography written for our national hero which he was appreciated about all his sacrifices
• Leon Ma. Guerrero


  • The person who wrote the biography
  • First prize in the biography contest sponsored by the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission in 1961
  • One of the foremost nationalist of his era
  • Highly-regarded translator of Rizal's novels
• Lapu-Lapu, Pedro Paterno, and the Silangs are not the first Filipinos
• All of those people before Rizal were simply protecting their territory, pushing their own personal interests. They were just people of their own lands
• Lapu-Lapu waged war on Magellan to keep Mactan's independence from the Spanish King
• Pedro Paterno wanted to be the "Prince of Luzon", a status equal of that to a Spanish prince or duke
• The Silangs fought against the abuse to Ilocanos
• Variables


  • Either a result of some force or is itself the force and is either a independent and dependent
  • Independent variable -Can be manipulated by the researchers
  • dependent variable - Show the results of including the independent variable
• Sources


  • Can be a base for data and information and can either be primary, secondary, and tertiary
  • Primary -direct accounts or actual records (Examples: diaries, letters, blueprints, and maps)
  • Secondary - historical accounts interpreted and analyzed by people (Examples: textbooks, films, historical essays)
  • Tertiary: created to categorize primary and secondary sources (Examples: indexes, database, abstracts)
• Ways of data collection

  • Interviews - telephone, email, personal, video conferences. (conversation), example: one on one conversation
  • Questionnaires/Surveys - numerical valves to scale, example: service feedback
  • Observations- most basic method, watching, (observing)
  • Focus Group – individuals share a common element, collective opinion, Example: group of 6 women asked about a soap
  • Ethnographics, Oral History, and Case Studies – single phenomenon in a natural setting, example: following a tribe
  • Documents and Records – reports, newspapers, example: examining a student's academic record
• Parts of a Research

  • Title Page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction and Statement of the Problem
  • Literature Review
  • Limitations of the Study
  • Methodology
  • Argument
  • Conclusion
• Abstract


  Main theme, Research questions, methodology, findings and 100-300 words only
• Primary Sources


  • The text of The Gettysburg Address
  • Census data for Detroit
  • A McDonald's commercial
  • The results of an experiment or clinical trial
  • An interview with a World War Two veteran
  • Diary of Rien
• Secondary Sources


  • An analysis of The Gettysburg Address
  • A book about demographic changes in Detroit
  • A documentary about McDonald's advertising
  • An article citing different treatment options
  • A documentary featuring interviews with veterans
  • A U.S. history textbook
  • Newspapers articles
• Tertiary Sources


  • A chronology of major events in Detroit
  • An encyclopedia of major marketing campaigns
  • An medical dictionary
  • An anthology of first hand accounts from World War Two
  • Guidebooks
• Parts of a Research Paper

  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Review of Related Literature
  • Statement of the Problem
  • Significance of the study
• Review of Related Literature


  • Articles, studies and books, one of the longest parts of any study. When working as a group, make sure that everyone has a part
  • Start from global to local
  • Paraphrase to avoid plagiarism
  • Practice proper citation (the author, year, title of article, etc.)
• Statement of the Problem


  Questions you will answer at the end of the study
• Significance of the study


  What can your study contribute to the community, school, and future researchers?
• Chosen Topics


  • Effectiveness of Guidance Counseling to the Mental Health of SCALI students
  • Impact of School Events to Students' Social Personality
  • Effects of Teacher-Student Interaction to Students' Academic Performance
  • Impact of the Modern Teaching Methods to Students' Test Scores in English
  • Effects of Group Activities to Students' Participation
  • Effectiveness of Short-Form Video Content (TikTok) to Students' Vocabulary
  • Impact of Online Games to Students' Attention Span
• Independent Variable


  Can be manipulated by the researchers
• Dependent Variable


  Shows the results of including the independent variable