MICROBIO UNIT 4 & 5
Cards (41)
- Sumerians and Babylonians converted sugar into alcohol by yeasts and it was used to make beer
- Egyptians discovered that CO2 could puff bread
- Wine was made in Assyria through fermentation
- Assyrians used vinegar to treat chronic middle ear disease
- Ancient Rome had over 250 bakeries which were making leavened bread.
- Milk was fermented to lactic acid to make yogurt.
- It was also converted into kefyr and koumiss using Kluyveromyces spp.
- Commonization of alcoholic distillation from fermented grain.
- Vinegar manufacturing began in
- Pasteurization; Louis Pasteur understood the role of microbiology in fermentation.
- Microbes required substrate to produce primary and secondary metabolites and end products.
- extensive application of bioprocess has expanded
- application of biological sciences in industrial processes
- growth of cells on a large scale to create industrial products in bulky amounts
- application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services
- an old field that had been given new dimensions because of the discoveries made in the field of genetic engineering
- genes from one organism are inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell; the cell produces new code for the new gene
- large-scale manufacturing of products
- employment of genetically engineered microorganisms in which new genes have been inserted
- microbes that have been carefully selected to make one or more specific products for their metabolic activities
- genetically engineered microorganisms
- attempts to study 3D structures of proteins encoded by a genome
- attempts to study gene and protein function and interactions
- most directed method of detecting mutations
- dideoxy method of DNA sequencing based on the chain-termination principle
- Introduced by Pal Nyren; paved way for the development and commercialization of large-scale NGS technology
- Based on the sequencing by synthesis principle which enables real-time detection of the sequence of a gene.
- also referred to as second generation sequencing, is a highly-throughput massively parallel sequencing
- first NGS in the market; parallel pyrosequencing system
- uses fluorescently labeled nucleotides and a sequencing by synthesis approach
- uses sequencing by ligation approach and employs sequencing by ligation chemistry
- pioneered by Fred Sanger (UK) and Alam Maxam & Walet Gilbert (USA)
- The original human genome sequencing project largely relied on the automated and scaled-up version of this.
- attempted to solve two major problems of first gen; introduction to high-throughput and low cost technologies
- also known as the “Next-Next Generation Sequencing Technology”
- often used synonymously with DNA microarray and high-throughput gene expression measurement
- nucleic-acid hybridization-based technique
- utilized to develop a number of widely used techniques to study gene expression
- an array of probes are synthesized either on-chip or by conventional synthesis followed by immobilization on top platform
- an oligonucleotide-based whole genome microarray that is proven to be very useful for whole-genome functional analysis beyond simple gene-expression profiling