Chapter 5

• Classical Conditioning


  Learned reflex, or involuntary response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response.
• Passive Learners


  Absorbing and auto reacting to stimuli
• Operant conditioning


  Learner acts, or operates on the environment.
• Operant Conditioning is used to

  Study Memory
• Infant Memory (Piage 1969)


  Early events are not retained because the brain is not fully developed to store
• Infant memory (Freud)


  Memories are stored but repressed because they are emotionally troubling.
• Infant memory (Nelson)


  Can't remember events until they can talk about them
• Infant memory (Rovee-Collier)


  Shorter attention span than adults.
• Behaviorist Approach


  Basic mechanics of learning. How behavior changes in response to experience.
• Psychometric Approach


  Quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict abilities.
• Piagetian Approach


  Changes/Stages in quality of cognitive functioning. How mind structures activities an adapts.
• Info-processing approach


  perception, learning, memory, problem solving. how they process info from beginning until they use it.
• cognitive neuroscience approach


  Hardware of nervous system. What brain structures are involved in specific aspects of Cognition.
• Social-contextual approach


  Effects environment aspects of learning process (Parent and caregivers)
• intelligent behavior


  Goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.
• Intelligent behavior enables people to


  Acquire, remember, and use knowledge. to understand concepts and relationships, and solve problems.
• Psychometric tests


  Measure quantitatively the factors that are thought to make up intelligence (Comprehension and reasoning) Helps predict future performance.
• IQ tests


  Questions or tasks that show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing scores with norms.
• standardization sample


  Established by a large group of test-takers.
• Developmental tests


  Compare babys performace on a series of tasks with norms established.
• Bayley scales of infant and toddler development (Time)


  Testing 1 month - 3.5 Years
• Bayley scales measure


  strengths, weaknesses and competencies in 5 developmental areas.
• the 5 Developmental areas for bayley scales are

  Cognitive language motor social-emotional and adaptive behavior.
• Behavior rating scale


  (Developmental Quotients) early detection of emotional problems and sensory, neurological, and environmental deficits.
• Early brain development is


  key to future cognitive development
• HOME

  Home observation for measurement of environment
• What does HOME do?

  Assesses parental responsiveness, # of books in home, presence of age appropriate toys, and parents involvement in play.
• Frequent parental responsiveness results in

  Higher IQ's
• Early intervention


  systematic process of planning and providing theraputic and educational services for families that need help in meeting infants, toddlers, and preschoolers child development levels.
• Fostering competence #1

  Provide sensory stimulation but avoid overstimulation
• Fostering competence #2

  Create an environment that fosters learning (toys, books etc) and place to play.
• Fostering competence #3

  Respond to baby signals
• Fostering competence #4

  Give baby power to effect changes (toys that can move, open doorknobs etc...)
• Fostering competence #5

  Freedom to explore
• Fostering competence #6

  Talk to babies (Language learning)
• Fostering competence #7

  Enter into whatever they are interested in at the moment
• Fostering competence #8

  arrange opportunities to learn basic skills (Sorting by color, shape, size)
• Fostering competence #9

  Applaud new skills. DO NOT HOVER.
• Fostering competence #10

  Read. (Literacy skills)
• fostering competence #11

  Use punishment sparingly